虛擬語氣在條件從句中運(yùn)用教法改革初探
摘 要:在高中英語教學(xué)中,虛擬語氣在條件從句中的運(yùn)用這一部分語言知識(shí)教學(xué)是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),學(xué)生往往難以理解掌握。結(jié)合這一實(shí)際現(xiàn)狀,筆者根據(jù)多年從事高三英語教學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),嘗試著淺談一下在這方面教學(xué)的粗淺體會(huì)并謀求在教法上作一些改革初探。關(guān)鍵詞:對(duì)立統(tǒng)一 單一條件 隱含條件 混合條件 改革教法
我們知道,語氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式體現(xiàn)了謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)發(fā)生的真與假,如果運(yùn)作狀態(tài)是真的,就是陳述語氣;如果動(dòng)作狀態(tài)是假的,就是虛擬語氣。
筆者認(rèn)為,在這部分語言知識(shí)教學(xué)中,應(yīng)避免直接講虛擬語氣,應(yīng)向?qū)W生先講英語中動(dòng)詞謂語有三種語氣,陳述語氣、虛擬語氣和命令語氣。我們以前學(xué)過的16種時(shí)態(tài)即屬陳述語氣,再由陳述語氣向虛擬語氣過渡過來,過渡過來之后,先講最基本的單一條件虛擬語氣,然后在此基礎(chǔ)上加深加寬。這樣可以破除學(xué)生對(duì)“語氣”的神秘感,輕輕地導(dǎo)入虛擬語氣。所謂單一條件虛擬語氣,指的是條件狀語從句和結(jié)果主句都在同一時(shí)間范圍之內(nèi)。通俗地講,即條件狀語從句和結(jié)果主句虛擬的時(shí)間是一致的。
其謂語動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下:
一、表現(xiàn)在(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,表示純?nèi)坏募僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用動(dòng)詞過去式(be的過去式一般用were),主句用would/should/could/might等+動(dòng)詞原形。如:
1.We would go with you if we had time.如果我們現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間的話,我們會(huì)和你一起去的。(but in fact I don’t have any time,I will not go with you)
2.If you were a mouse and I were a cat,Iwould eat you. 如果現(xiàn)在你是老鼠我是貓,我會(huì)吃掉你,(But in fact you aren’t a mouse and I am not a cat, I will not eat you)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語氣里與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是條件從句借用一般過去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)形式(有時(shí)借用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式),主句借用過去將來時(shí)形式,用來表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的內(nèi)容,在這里學(xué)生已經(jīng)對(duì)陳述語氣里一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式很熟悉,這是因?yàn)樘摂M語氣沒有自己固定的謂語形式,只能“借用”陳述語氣里的某些謂語形式,要會(huì)借用即可,學(xué)生可以輕而易舉適應(yīng)此借用。在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的單一條件虛擬語氣里,實(shí)際上可以細(xì)分為與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的、相反的虛擬語氣和與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的相反的虛擬語氣,后者比前者形象生動(dòng)。形象地說,陳述語氣和虛擬語氣就像現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和虛擬世界一樣,現(xiàn)實(shí)世界有一個(gè)牛,虛擬世界就有一個(gè)“牛魔王”一樣,如:If it weren/’t rainimg ,we would not stay indoors。要是現(xiàn)在沒有(正在)下雨的話,我們就不會(huì)待在屋子里。該句條件從句屬于與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語氣。目前教學(xué)中,有些教師僅教與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語氣,實(shí)際上不全面不到位,存在盲區(qū)。上述1、2條件句屬于與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語氣;另外,條件從句和結(jié)果主句都存在“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語形式,相當(dāng)一部分教師僅按傳統(tǒng)教法只講“虛擬+主動(dòng)”的謂語形式,這是不對(duì)的,應(yīng)改變之。如:If you worked least hard ,you would be fired by the boss .如果你現(xiàn)在工作最不努力,你會(huì)被老板解雇的。該句結(jié)果主句使用了“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語形式。
二、表過去(與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用had +過去分詞,主句用would /should/could/might等+have+過去分詞。如:
1.If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你當(dāng)時(shí)來早一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)見到他(But in fact ,you didn’t come earlier ,you didn’t meet him.)
2.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake. 我當(dāng)時(shí)要不是聽了你的勸告,就犯大錯(cuò)誤了。(But in fact I took your advicea,Idid not make a bad mistake。)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中要不同于傳統(tǒng)教法,要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語氣里與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是條件從句借用過去完成時(shí)的形式,結(jié)果主句借用過去將來完成時(shí)的形式表達(dá)與過去事實(shí)相反之內(nèi)容。在與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣里,實(shí)際上又細(xì)分為與一般過去時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語氣和與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。例如:If he hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, he wouldn’t have been admitted into key university. 要是過去幾年沒有一直做艱苦努力,他不會(huì)被錄取到重點(diǎn)大學(xué)。該句條件從句是用了與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)的、相反的虛擬語氣,而上述句①句②句用了與一般過去時(shí)相反的、相對(duì)應(yīng)的虛擬語氣,后者比前者生動(dòng);條件從句和結(jié)果主句都存在“虛擬+被動(dòng)”謂語形式,不要按傳統(tǒng)教法僅講教材上寫到的“虛擬+主動(dòng)”謂語形式。如:If I had had time, the work world have been done. 如果我們當(dāng)時(shí)有時(shí)間的話,這個(gè)工作就被做了。結(jié)果主句用了“過去虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語形式。另外條件從句和結(jié)果主句謂語部分,有時(shí)為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu),不要按教材傳統(tǒng)教法僅講動(dòng)賓式,還要講系表式。如:If you had been of much wealth,what would you have done? 如果你當(dāng)時(shí)很有財(cái)富,你會(huì)做什么?本句條件句謂語為系表式。
三、表將來(與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用動(dòng)詞過去式或 should+動(dòng)詞原形或 were to +動(dòng)詞原形,主句用would /should /could/ might 等十動(dòng)詞原形。如:
1.If it should rain, the crop would be saved.如果未來下雨的話,農(nóng)作物就得救了。
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(But in fact it shall not rain, the crop will not be saved.)
2.We wouldn’t lose courage even, if we should (were to)fail again.即使再次失敗,我們也不會(huì)泄氣(But in fact we will not fail again and we will not lose courage.)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中,要不同于傳統(tǒng)教法,要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語氣里與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是:條件從句借用一般過去時(shí)或過去將來時(shí)或were+不定式表將來之形式,結(jié)果主句借用過去將來時(shí)之形式,來表達(dá)與將來事實(shí)相反之虛擬語氣的內(nèi)容;在與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣里,實(shí)際上又細(xì)分為與一般將來時(shí)相反的虛擬語和與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語氣兩種,后者比前者形象生動(dòng)。如上述①②句為與一般將來時(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。又:If it were to be raining tomoriow,the football match would be put off.如果明天正在下雨的話,足球比賽將推遲,此句條件句用了與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。另外條件從句和和結(jié)果主句的謂語都有“虛擬+被動(dòng)”現(xiàn)象。不宜按傳統(tǒng)教法僅講“虛擬+主動(dòng)”的謂語形式,如上述句(1)結(jié)果主句就用了“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語形式。還有條件從句和結(jié)果主句的謂語既有動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)式,也有系表結(jié)構(gòu)式。 筆者認(rèn)為要改革教法,先讓學(xué)生理解掌握上述的單一條件虛擬語氣之后,再開始學(xué)習(xí)隱含虛擬條件句。所謂的隱含條件虛擬語氣是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句,而是利用其它手段來暗示存在虛擬條件句。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if 引導(dǎo)的條件句。表示隱含虛擬條件句的手段主要有:
(1)介詞或介詞短語
如:but for,but that,without,in case of, under more favorable condition等,如:But for the leadriship of the party,we could not be living a happy life today.要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們現(xiàn)在還(正)不能過上幸福生活。其中but for the leadship of the panty相當(dāng)于lf it were not for the leadship of the panty. 又Without water, there would be no life.如果現(xiàn)在沒有水,就沒有生命。Without water相當(dāng)于 If thete were no water.
(2)連詞
如: so that,unless, in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若......),for fear that(惟恐),in order that,on condition that ,if only (要是......就好了)等。
(3)通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義
句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。如:He was very busy yesterday;otherwise,he would have come to the party. 他昨天很忙(陳述語氣,暗示句),要不然的話,他會(huì)來參加聚會(huì)的。此處otherwise相當(dāng)于If he had not been busy yesterday.
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.一個(gè)更細(xì)心的人當(dāng)時(shí)不會(huì)犯那么多錯(cuò)誤。此句相當(dāng)于If he had been more careful,he would not have made so many mistakes.
(5)分詞短語
Having known about it in time ,he might have prevented the accident.如果當(dāng)時(shí)能及時(shí)了解情況的話,他也許能避免那個(gè)事故。其中 Having known about it in time相當(dāng)于If he had konwn about it in time.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語
一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were十不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/wished/十不定式一般式表示虛擬。
(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A diligent student would have worked harder 一個(gè)勤奮的學(xué)生當(dāng)時(shí)會(huì)更努力用功的。這句相當(dāng)于If he had been a diligent student,he would have worked hard.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered,the price would be accepted 如果把所有的情況都考慮進(jìn)去,這個(gè)價(jià)格可以接受。其中All things considered相當(dāng)于If all things were considered.
(9)定語從句
A nation,which stopped working,would be dead in a fortnight.一個(gè)民族如果停止了工作,就會(huì)很快滅亡。其中whcih stopped working 相當(dāng)于If it stopped working.
(10)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式或暗示虛擬語氣
I should have helped him with his Englsh,but i suffered from being ill. 我當(dāng)時(shí)應(yīng)該幫他學(xué)英語,但我當(dāng)時(shí)正在遭受疾病之苦。
綜上所述,根據(jù)馬列主義對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律,理性地辯證地理解英語陳述語氣和虛擬語氣,弄清楚基本概念,改變傳統(tǒng)教法,充分理解虛擬語氣“借用”某些陳述語氣的時(shí)態(tài)形式之提法,表現(xiàn)在其虛擬語氣的形式和內(nèi)容的不統(tǒng)一性;先掌握單一條件虛擬語氣,再掌握隱含條件虛擬語氣和混合條件虛擬語氣,讓學(xué)生在整個(gè)虛擬語氣的學(xué)習(xí)過程中有一條馬列主義思想路線指導(dǎo),熟練掌握虛擬語氣的各種用法,并拓展到虛擬語氣在其他從句中的使用,實(shí)施高效課堂教學(xué),提高英語教學(xué)的科研水平和質(zhì)量水平。筆者旨在嘗試從教法改革入手,以期達(dá)到拋磚引玉的作用。
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