英語動詞非謂語形式教學的新思維
英語分詞歷來是高中英語教學中的難點,老師覺得不好教,學生也覺得不易學。我覺得,非謂語分詞作定語、狀語等實際上是定語從句、狀語從句等從句簡化省略逐漸演變形成的。一切語言都在向復雜長句和簡化短句兩個矛盾的方向演化發(fā)展。英語也不例外。我們?nèi)魮Q一個思維角度,沿著“從句簡化省略而形成英語非謂語動詞”這個思路去看待理解英語分詞現(xiàn)象,而先不要去理會那些“現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式”,“現(xiàn)在分詞的被動完成形式”等傳統(tǒng)語法書上抽象拗口的名稱術語,也許教與學都會變得相對容易一些。自己的教學實踐中,對分詞非謂語形式的教學有點粗淺的體會,談出來與同仁商榷。
我在實踐中把英語分詞的教學分為三個階段:
第一階段:概念的確立和感性認識階段
在課本里正式出現(xiàn)分詞語法專項講解及練習之前,對課本里提前出現(xiàn)的某些含有分詞的特殊句型詞組,先讓學生記住,并反復提及強調(diào),以強化 “分詞是動詞的非謂語形式” 這個概念。至于理論講解,先不要展開講。這是先讓學生輸入一些分詞語言現(xiàn)象,獲得感性認識。如:A boy called Peter wants to see you. 只讓學生知道called Peter是過去分詞作后置定語,不是過去時態(tài)的謂語。該句的謂語動詞是wants。“A boy called Peter”意思是一個名叫Peter的男孩?勺寣W生連續(xù)翻譯: 一個名叫Mary的女孩 a girl named Mary. 可再擴展: 一個名叫Mary的女孩住在隔壁:A girl named Mary lives next door. 再如:The bridge built in 1967 has been rebuilt. 對此句,此階段只需告訴學生built in 1967 是過去分詞作后置定語,不是動詞的過去式謂語,而是動詞的非謂語形式。
又如: The girls went out of the house, laughing, singing and talking. 對此句,也只需暫時告訴學生,該句的謂語動詞是went,三個動詞的ing形式不是謂語,是動詞的非謂語形式,在此句中作方式樣態(tài)狀語,表明主語執(zhí)行謂語動作時的方式樣態(tài),是“說笑唱著”,這個樣子方式走出去的。以上的非謂語分詞現(xiàn)象,在第一階段,不要講解為什么,也不要在試題中擴展考察。最多可告訴學生,表主動用現(xiàn)在分詞ing形式;表被動用過去分詞。試題中可有意把課文中出現(xiàn)過的非謂語分詞原句照搬考察,以強化印象, 但此階段試題中千萬不要擴展而拔苗助長。
此階段也可強化學生對動詞的謂語形式和非謂語形式的認識區(qū)別。英語的謂語形式容易區(qū)別:①有情態(tài)動詞的;②有am,is,are,was,were的;③有將來時態(tài)助動詞will, shall,would,should的;④有完成勢態(tài)助動詞have,has,had的,肯定是動詞的謂語形式。麻煩的是大多數(shù)動詞的過去式謂語形式和過去分詞非謂語形式是一樣的。如:The bridge built in 1967 has been rebuilt. 此句中的built單獨來說既是過去式謂語形式又是過去分詞非謂語形式。the bridge和built之間顯然是被動關系,若是過去式被動語態(tài)的謂語,應該是was built;若是主動語態(tài),顯然不對,況且built沒有賓語,因build是及物動詞,必須有賓語,所以built在本句中不是謂語形式?蓪Ρ龋篢hey built the bridge in 1967. The bridge was built in 1967. 這兩句中的built都是謂語形式。
第二階段:理論講解和強化訓練
講解時,我們?nèi)裟軗Q一個思維角度來看待理解分詞非謂語現(xiàn)象,就能簡化教學過程學習過程;而不是把它復雜化。我們從省略句入手,把非謂語分詞看成是某種從句的省略簡化,也許就能更好地從理論上自圓其說,學生也許就更易于理解掌握。
如上述的幾個例句就可以看成是定語從句省略簡化而來的。
A boy (who was) called Peter wants to see you. A girl (who was ) named Mary lives next door. The bridge (which was ) built in 1967 has been rebuilt.
在此,我們引入一個新的語法名稱:省略簡化,以區(qū)別于普通的省略句。因為這里的省略不同于一般的省略句,更多的時候,不是簡單地省略某些詞,剩余的動詞形式是有變化的。
以下我們按從句的類型,把從句的謂語動詞省略簡化為動詞的非謂語形式作定語,狀語,和賓語補足語。
省略簡化的規(guī)則:
1. 若從句有am,is,are,was,were這五個詞,直接把他們及從句的連詞去掉;同時把從句內(nèi)部和主句相同的主語也去掉,僅留下現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞。
2. 若從句中沒有am,is,are,was,were這五個詞,則把從句中謂語部分的第一個詞改為ing形式,然后把從句的連詞及和主句相同的主語去掉。
3. 若從句是將來時態(tài),用不定式改寫?煽闯墒莃e going to do 去掉了be going。
4. 以上去掉從句的主語的前提是,主從句的主語相同;若主從句的兩個主語不一致,則應在把原從句非謂語化的同時保留從句的主語,此時原從句的主語就成了非謂語分詞的邏輯主語,它和非謂語分詞一起構成了獨立主格結構。
具體舉例如下:
一、從句若有am,is,are,was,were這五個詞,把他們和連詞一起去掉;同時把和主句相同的主語去掉。
1. 定語從句省略簡化為分詞詞組作后置定語
(注意:必須是關系詞在從句中作主語才能這樣省略簡化)
①The man who is talking with the students is our English teacher. 改為:
The man talking with the students is our English teacher.
②The bridge which is being built now is a bit too narrow. 改為: The bridge being built now is a bit too narrow.
③The temple which was built in 1967 has been rebuilt.改為:
The temple built in 1967 has been rebuilt.
④The meeting which will be held tomorrow has been put off. 可以看成是:
The meeting which is to be held tomorrow has been put off. (be to d計劃打算將要) 再改為:
The meeting to be held tomorrow has been put off.
2. 狀語從句省略簡化為分詞詞組作狀語
If the village is seen from the top of the hill, it looks beautiful. 改為:
Seen from the top of the hill, the village looks beautiful.
3. 某些動詞的賓語從句省略簡化后,變?yōu)榉衷~詞組作賓語補足語。
To his horror, he found the man was killed in bed. 改為:
To his horror, he found the man killed in bed.
二、若從句沒有am,is,are,was,were這五個詞,把從句謂語部分的第一個動詞改為ing形式;同時把連詞以及和主句相同的主語去掉。
1. 定語從句省略簡化為分詞詞組作后置定語。
(注意:必須是關系詞在從句中作主語才能這樣省略簡化)
The man who lives next door is an engineer.
The man living next door is an engineer.
2. 狀語從句省略簡化為分詞詞組作狀語
①As he was seriously ill, he had to give up his plan halfway.
Being seriously ill, he had to give up his plan halfway.
②When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
③As his composition had been written in a hurry, it was full of spelling mistakes.
Having been written in a hurry, his composition was full of spelling mistakes.
④If you see the village from the top of the hill, you’ll find it beautiful.
Seeing the village from the top of the hill, you’ll find it beautiful.
⑤As John has gone abroad, we have to find someone else to take his place.
John having gone abroad, we have to find someone else to take his place.
3. 用and等并列連詞連接的并列謂語,其中一個保留謂語形式,其它的變?yōu)榉侵^語形式,作謂語動詞的伴隨狀語,補充說明謂語動詞的方式樣態(tài),結果,時間等。
①He put down his shopping bag and held out his hand.
Putting down his shopping bag, he held out his hand. (時間狀語,After putting…)
②He tried again and hoped that he could succeed this time.
He tried again, hoping that he could succeed this time. (目的狀語)
③He decided to try again and thought he could succeed this time.
He decided to try again, thinking that he could succeed this time. (原因狀語)
第三階段:非謂語分詞還原為從句
一是課文中出現(xiàn)的非謂語分詞詞組,讓學生轉換為從句。二是進行專項練習。這樣可以使得學生更清楚地了解動詞非謂語形式的來龍去脈。
當然,引入省略簡化概念也并不能全面圓滿地解釋所有的非謂語現(xiàn)象。不過,在初學時,這樣做,由于避開了抽象的語法概念和術語,從學生熟悉的從句引入,還是易于教師教學,也易于學生有條理地掌握非謂語分詞。
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