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英語寫作的邏輯結構
每一種寫作,無論是求職信、申請信、新聞報道、科幻小說都有各自的結構。這種結構就是文章的骨架,是文章的基本要素,下面是小編精心整理的英語寫作的邏輯結構,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
1、分類結構:
在分類結構中,一系列同樣重要的主題將被闡述。政治演說,如競選演說,甚至國情咨文演說,都是分類結構的例子。求職信中你可能會使用類似的結構,因為你會描述使你成為這個職位理想人選的所有特質。
Categorical: In a categorical structure, a series of equally important topics are addressed. A political speech, like a campaign speech or even The State of the Union Address, is a good example of categorical writing. You might use a similar structure in a cover letter for a job application, in which you describe all of your traits that would make you an ideal candidate for the position.
2、評價結構:
在評價結構中,一個問題會首先被引入,然后作者再進行利弊的權衡。在寫電子郵件時,你可以使用一個評價結構來詢問一個好朋友的建議。
Evaluative: In an evaluative structure, a problem is introduced, and then pros and cons are weighed. You might employ an evaluative structure when writing an e-mail to ask a close friend for advice.
3、時間邏輯結構:
當你的注意力更多地是真實地講述故事而不是最終結果時,就采用時間順序結構。想想笑話是怎么講的:”三個家伙走進酒吧……“ 設置一系列事件來傳遞最后的Punchline(關鍵語、笑料)。同樣的,大多數短篇故事和小說都是以時間順序進行的。
Chronological: When your focus is more the actual telling of the story than the end result, employ a chronological structure. Think of joke telling. "Three guys walk into a bar…" sets up a sequence of events to deliver that final punch line. Similarly, most short stories and novels are written chronologically.
4、對比結構:
對比結構類似于評價結構,但是這種結構用于要分析的目標有更多的層級需要衡量的情況。在準備辯論賽的辯論稿時,你可以用對比結構來闡述你的觀點比對方的觀點強的原因。你也可以用對比結構闡述你為什么覺得市議會提高當地稅收的決定是不正確的。
Comparative: This structure is similar to evaluative, but it is used when there are more layers to the situation at hand that is being weighed. You might use a comparative structure if you were writing a speech for a debate team to explain the various reasons why you feel your point is stronger than your opponent’s. Or you might use a comparative structure to write a letter to the editor explaining all the reasons you disagree with the city council’s decision to raise local taxes.
5、順序結構:
順序結構與時間邏輯結構相似,但是這種結構通常會包含一種指引性的語氣和一步一步的過程的說明。如果你想要教別人怎么做巧克力千層蛋糕、或者怎么找到當地的住宿,你都應該用這種結構寫作,用上“首先“、“然后”、“接著”、“最后”等詞。
Sequential: This structure is similar to Chronological, but is normally employed with a how-to voice when a step-by-step process is being described. If you were going to write about how to make your famous chocolate layer cake, or how to get to a great bed-and-breakfast you discovered out in the country, you would write sequentially, using words like, "First," "Next," "Then," and "Finally" to clarify your instructions.
6、因果結構:
這個結構一看其來似乎跟對比結構相似,但這種結構里面不包含不同內容之間的比較,而是探討一件事情的起因和結果。你可以用這種結構探討空氣污染的原因,或者寫信說明你為什么要辭職。
Causal: This structure might at first glance seem similar to Comparative structures, but it differs in that it does not involve weighing options against one another. Instead, it discusses the causes and then the effects regarding a particular topic or issue in that order. You might use this structure if you were writing an article on how something has come about, such as the contributing factors to air pollution. Or you might employ this technique in a letter explaining why you have decided to resign from your job.
在知道了各種不同的寫作邏輯結構之后,開始去關注你接觸到的文章的“骨架”吧。無論是看報紙雜志或者網絡文章,你都應該留意一下它們的基本論點都是怎么組織的。好的寫作者會持續不斷地關注自己所閱讀的東西來磨練自己的技巧。
Now that you know about the different kinds of structures, start paying attention to the skeletons of all the pieces of writing around you. The next time you flip through a magazine in a doctor’s waiting room, or skim through a weekly e-newsletter that you subscribe to, or even read a letter from a friend, take some time to x-ray the writing and see how its bare bones are connected. Good writers hone their skills by being constantly aware of what they’re reading.
拓展:英語寫作結構技巧
一、三段成文,段段緊扣主旨
考博英語作文可安排為三段式結構,每個段落都為圖中所表達的中心主旨服務。
第一段:考生應根據所給的文字敘述內容,提煉主題。根據要求擬定文章提綱,確定文章結構以及思想。第一段的主要內容為全篇文章的中心主旨句及要闡述的觀點。
第二段:分兩至三個分論點,文中可以附加例子來對中心論點進行論證和照應。
第三段:總結觀點,在此深化印證中心論點,并提出建議、建議的原因以及解決措施。
二、段首點睛,寫好中心主旨句
各個段首是做文章最重要的句子,一方面句首一般為段落的中心主旨句,在對圖畫進行整體和細節的描述之后,對整個段落進行總結,提煉出中心主旨句。另一方面,段首是閱卷老師首先看到的句子,閱卷老師的“第一眼”直接決定了考生的作文成績。閃光的段首句可以畫龍點睛,從而提高整體的作文分數。
三、尾句升華,完美展現功底
結尾句與段首句同樣重要,有一個好的結尾總述段落,回扣全文的中心主旨,是一篇文章結構完成與否的重要前提。同樣,段尾句也是閱卷老師落眼的“寶地”,漂亮的結尾是能讓考生英語功底良好的展現出來。要寫好段落結尾句,首先應該做到沒有語病,其次是語言表述夠新穎,最后,做到升華主旨,讓文章完美收官。
拓展:英語寫作中的“結構重組”寫作技巧
(1)簡單句類(所謂簡單句,即是含有一個動詞的句子)
看一例:他嗓門大。最容易翻譯成:His voice is loud .
評語:超級直白
而更好的翻譯是:He has a loud voice. 其實就成了 他有一個大嗓門。如果第一步便翻譯成he has a loud voice,恭喜,你就被歸入少數具備英語思維的高手類了,就這么簡單。
對策:多多積攢類似例句,然后多多模仿。
試一個:她身材好,便可翻譯成:She has a good figure.
。2)復雜句類
看一例:我抬頭一看,只見一群衣衫襤褸的孩子,默默無聲得站于四周,觀看著我倆進餐。
按照原文語序很容易翻成:I looked up and saw that a group of children in rags surrounding us silently and seeing us eating dinner.
評語:直白,動詞堆砌,不流暢。
先準備語言信息:抬頭一看:look up;衣衫襤褸的孩子:children in rags;默默:silently;觀看:look at 。最后范文是:Looking up, I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us as we ate .
分析:范文用到了現在分詞作伴隨 狀語(looking up,),主動意思由被動形式表達,(were surrounded by)并設計出一個定語從句來(who were looking at us as we ate)原文中看不出來定語(…的)痕跡。
對策:含有多個動詞的句子,將動詞進行主次區分,次要動詞非謂語化,主要動詞謂語化,附帶從句設計,定語從句首當其沖現行被考慮。
總之,寫句子時,不要立馬下手,凝神定氣,多三思,在結構安排上有所建樹和創新,大膽將信息重組,結構優化,力圖寫出地道的英文句子,這是個長期的功夫。
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