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class="info"> <span id="5vajrimf" class="time">時(shí)間：2024-10-05 00:48:04 </span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="sm_after_time"></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/bylw/qitaleilunwen/" title="其他類論文">其他類論文</a></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="5vajrimf" class="content"> <p>談?wù)勡髯拥乃枷胝撐?/p> <p>　　荀子（約前３１３～前２３８）名況，時(shí)人尊而號(hào)為“卿”，故又稱荀卿，漢代避宣帝諱而改稱孫卿，戰(zhàn)國末期趙國（今山西南部）人，先秦著名思想家。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://p.9136.com/00/l/c2dbcec402.jpg" alt="談?wù)勡髯拥乃枷胝撐?/></p><p>　　荀子早年游學(xué)于齊，因?qū)W問博大，“最為老師”，曾三次擔(dān)任當(dāng)時(shí)齊國“稷下學(xué)宮”的“祭酒”（學(xué)宮之長）。約公元前２６４年，應(yīng)秦昭王聘，西游入秦，稱秦國“百姓樸”、“百吏肅然”而近“治之至也”。后曾返回趙國，與臨武君義兵于趙孝成王前，以為“用兵攻戰(zhàn)之本在乎壹民”，“善附民者，是乃善用兵者也”（《荀子·議兵》）。后來荀子受楚春申君之用，為蘭陵（今山東蒼水縣蘭陵鎮(zhèn)）令。晚年從事教學(xué)和著述。</p><p>　　荀子博學(xué)深思，其思想學(xué)說以儒家為本，兼采道、法、名、墨諸家之長。他以孔子、仲弓的繼承者自居，維護(hù)儒家的傳統(tǒng)，痛斥子張氏、子夏氏、子游氏之儒為“賤儒”，對(duì)子思、孟子一派批評(píng)甚烈。其對(duì)孔子思想有所損益，政治思想中突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了孔子的“禮學(xué)”，頗有向法家轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢，后期法家代表人物韓非子、李斯都出于荀子門下，并非完全偶然。</p><p>　　由于荀子處在戰(zhàn)國末期的時(shí)代，諸子各派的思想學(xué)說均已出現(xiàn)，這使得他不僅能采納諸子思想，又可以進(jìn)行批判和比較，所以荀子的思想非常豐富�？梢哉f，宇宙論、人性論、道德觀知識(shí)論、教育觀、文學(xué)、政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)等各個(gè)方面，荀子都有很大的建樹。</p><p><strong>　�。�、天道觀：</strong></p><p>　　荀子認(rèn)為，“天”就是客觀存在的自然界，“列星隨旋，日月</p><p>　　遞，四時(shí)代御，陰陽大化，風(fēng)雨博施，萬物各得其和以生，各得其養(yǎng)以成，不見其事而見其功，夫是之謂神；皆知其所以成，莫知其無形，是之謂天”（《荀子·天論》）。自然界具有不以人意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的規(guī)律性，“天行有常，不為堯存，不為桀亡，應(yīng)之以治則吉，應(yīng)之以亂則兇”（《荀子·天論》）。從承認(rèn)自然界的客觀性、規(guī)律性出發(fā)，荀子提出了“天人相分”的觀點(diǎn)，“強(qiáng)本而節(jié)用，則天不能貧；養(yǎng)備而動(dòng)時(shí)，則天不能病；循道而不貳，則天不能禍；……故明于天人之分，則可謂至人矣”（《荀子·天論》）。在主張尊重自然規(guī)律的基礎(chǔ)上，荀子進(jìn)一步提出了發(fā)揮人的主觀能動(dòng)性，“制天命而用之”的控制、發(fā)行、征服自然的思想，“大天而思之，孰與物畜而制之；從天而頒之，孰與制天命而用之；望時(shí)而待之；孰與應(yīng)時(shí)而使之，因物而多之，孰與騁能而化之；思物而物之，孰與理物而勿失之也；愿于物之所以生，孰與有物之所以成。故錯(cuò)人而思天，則失萬物之情”（《荀子·天論》）。荀子的這一系列富于唯物論性質(zhì)的思想，在先秦諸子關(guān)于天道觀的爭辯中，獨(dú)樹一幟，它高揚(yáng)了理性的精神，因此具有很高的理論價(jià)值。</p><p>　　<strong>２、認(rèn)識(shí)論：</strong></p><p>　　荀子指出：“凡以知，人之性也；可以知，物之理也”(《荀子·解蔽》)，即認(rèn)為世界是可知的，它通過人的形體機(jī)能而進(jìn)行。認(rèn)識(shí)的過程是通過“天官”（感官）接觸外界事物，再由“天君”（思維器官）進(jìn)行理性的加工（“征知”），即主客體相結(jié)合�！靶摹保ㄋ季S）是認(rèn)識(shí)的重要階段，“也心，形之君也；而神明之主也”(《荀子·解蔽》)。認(rèn)為，認(rèn)識(shí)的片面性和主觀性是一大“蔽”，“蔽”的形式很多，有：“欲為蔽，惡為蔽，終為蔽，遠(yuǎn)為蔽，近為蔽，博為蔽，淺為蔽，古為蔽，今為蔽。凡萬物異則莫不相為蔽，此心術(shù)之公患也。”（《荀子·解蔽》）要解蔽就須“知道”，“人何以知道？曰心。心何以知，曰：虛壹而靜。人生而有知，知而有志，志也者，藏也。然而有所謂虛，不以所已藏害所將受之謂虛”（《荀子·解蔽》）。如做到了“虛壹而靜”，也就可以達(dá)到“大清明”。在“知”與“行”的關(guān)系上，荀子以為“行”高于“知”，“知之不若行之，學(xué)至于行之而止矣”（《荀子·儒效》）。在“名”與“實(shí)”的關(guān)系上，荀子強(qiáng)調(diào)“實(shí)”是“名”的客觀基礎(chǔ)，提出了“制名以指實(shí)”（《荀子·正名》）的觀點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　<strong>３、人性論：</strong></p><p>　　在人性論方面，荀子提出了與孟子“性善”論截然相反的“性惡”論的觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為，人性是與生俱來的、質(zhì)樸的一種自然屬性，“凡性者，天之就也，不可學(xué)，不可事，……而在人者，謂之性”（《荀子·性惡》），表現(xiàn)為“鎧而欲飽，寒而欲暖，勞而欲休”（《荀子·性惡》），所以人性就是“生而有好利焉”，“生而有疾惡焉”，“生而有耳目之欲、有好聲色焉”（《荀子·性惡》）。而人性的“善”則是后天人為（即“偽”）的，“人之性惡，其善者偽也”（《荀子·性惡》）�！吧啤笔呛筇飙h(huán)境和教化學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，“禮義者，圣人之所生也，人之所學(xué)而能，所事而成者也……可學(xué)而能、可事而成之在人才，謂之偽”（《荀子·性惡》）。先天賦予的“性”和后天學(xué)事的“偽”是一對(duì)矛盾，要解決矛盾通過“化性起偽”，就是通過學(xué)、事而改變“性”�！靶浴焙汀皞巍笔菍�(duì)立統(tǒng)一的，“無性則偽無所加，無偽則性不能自美”，只有做到“性偽合，然后圣人之名一”</p><p>　�。ā盾髯印ざY論》）。荀子的“性惡”論與孟子的“性善”論有極大的區(qū)別，但就通過所謂的“圣王之教”來教育感化民眾這一目的而言，他們又是一致的。</p><p>　　<strong>４、禮論：</strong></p><p>　　“禮”的思想是荀子社會(huì)政治思想的核心觀念。荀子提出，“禮”是“先王”為了調(diào)節(jié)人們的欲望、避免戰(zhàn)亂而制定出來的“度量分界”，“禮起于何也？曰：人生而有欲，欲而不得，則不能無求，求而無度量分界，則不能不爭。爭則亂，亂則窮。先王惡其亂也，故制禮義以分之，以養(yǎng)人之欲、給人之求。使欲必不窮于物，物必不屈于欲，兩者相持而長，是禮之所起也�！保ā盾髯印ざY論》）荀子認(rèn)為，“禮”的內(nèi)容雖包含“事生”、“送死”、“祭祀”、“師旅”等等，實(shí)質(zhì)不外乎“養(yǎng)”（“養(yǎng)人之欲”）和“制”（“貴賤有等，長幼有差，貧富輕重皆有稱者也”）。荀子強(qiáng)調(diào)，“禮”是衡量一切的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和治國的根本，即“人道之極”，同時(shí)也是至高無上、永恒存在的最高原則，“天地以合，日月以明，四時(shí)以序，星辰以行，江河以流，萬物以昌，好惡以飾，喜怒以當(dāng)，以為下則順，以為上則明，萬變而不亂，貳之則喪也，禮豈不至矣哉！”（《荀子·禮論》）</p><p>　<strong>�。�、教育觀：</strong></p><p>　　荀子重視教育和學(xué)習(xí)的功能，這實(shí)際是他“天人相分”天道觀及“化性起偽”人性論的邏輯延伸。他認(rèn)為，學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)人是至關(guān)重要的，“學(xué)不能已”，“吾嘗終日而思矣，不如須臾之所學(xué)也”（《荀子·勸學(xué)》）。教育決定了人后天的成長，“干越夷貉之子，生而同聲，長而異俗，教使之然也”（《荀子·勸學(xué)》）。他指出，知識(shí)和德性修養(yǎng)是通過積累而成的，“積土成山，風(fēng)雨興焉；積水成淵，蛟龍生焉；積善成德，而神明自得，圣心備焉”（《荀子·勸學(xué)》）。荀子認(rèn)為學(xué)無止境、后來者居上，“青，取之于藍(lán)，而青于藍(lán)；冰，水為之，而寒于水”，并強(qiáng)調(diào)“學(xué)“的目的就在于“為”，故學(xué)數(shù)有終，若其義則不可須臾舍也。為之，人也；舍之，禽獸也”（《荀子·勸學(xué)》）。荀子一向被認(rèn)為是儒家經(jīng)學(xué)早期傳授中的一個(gè)十分重要的人物，他兼通諸經(jīng)，應(yīng)劭《風(fēng)俗通》螳臂當(dāng)車謂：”孫卿善為《詩》、《禮》、《易》、《春秋》�！扒迦逋糁兄小盾髑渥油ㄕ摗�，認(rèn)為”荀卿之學(xué)，出于孔氏，而尤有功于諸經(jīng)“，并對(duì)荀子的”傳經(jīng)“作了詳細(xì)考證，為經(jīng)學(xué)史研究的學(xué)者所基本同意。荀子是先秦非常重要的儒學(xué)家、大學(xué)者，在中國封建社會(huì)前期，其地位比較高，但自宋代以后，理學(xué)家往往抬高孟子而貶抑荀子，將他從儒家”道統(tǒng)“中排除出來。但荀子的思想學(xué)說還是具有頗為深廣的影響，如張衡、王充、柳宗元、王夫之、戴震以及近代的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命民主派，都不同程度地受到他的影響。</p> 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