以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)、防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎?/title> <meta name="keywords" content="以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)、防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎?> <meta name="description" content="在防衛(wèi)行為這一前提下，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)相對(duì)立，前者是合法行為，后者是應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的犯罪行為。　　論文摘要：現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)谋硎隹梢院?jiǎn)單地概括為：以正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)為基礎(chǔ)，討論正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。這種表述由于立論前提的不當(dāng)，導(dǎo)致了研究中的一系列問題。為解決現(xiàn)有表述中存在的問題，正確認(rèn)定正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，應(yīng)以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，展開對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎��！　≌撐年P(guān)鍵詞：防衛(wèi)行為;正當(dāng)防衛(wèi);防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)　　正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是我國(guó)刑法"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/static/css/v2/article.css">  <script type="text/javascript"> var D=new Date(),RAND_STR=D.getUTCFullYear()+"_"+D.getUTCMonth()+"_"+D.getUTCDate()+"_"+(Math.floor(D.getUTCHours()/3)); 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id="5vajrimf" class="content"> <div id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)、防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎?/p> <p>　　在防衛(wèi)行為這一前提下，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)相對(duì)立，前者是合法行為，后者是應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的犯罪行為。</p><p>　　<strong>論文摘要：</strong>現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)谋硎隹梢院?jiǎn)單地概括為：以正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)為基礎(chǔ)，討論正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。這種表述由于立論前提的不當(dāng)，導(dǎo)致了研究中的一系列問題。為解決現(xiàn)有表述中存在的問題，正確認(rèn)定正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，應(yīng)以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，展開對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎觥?/p><p>　　<strong>論文關(guān)鍵詞：防衛(wèi)行為;正當(dāng)防衛(wèi);防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)</strong></p><p>　　正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是我國(guó)刑法規(guī)定的排除犯罪性的行為之一，在刑法理論和實(shí)踐中具有非常重要的地位。而防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)作為應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任的犯罪行為，其理論研究和實(shí)際認(rèn)定直接影響公民防衛(wèi)權(quán)的行使。因此，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)一直是理論界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。但是，由于立論前提的不當(dāng)，導(dǎo)致我國(guó)刑法學(xué)界對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)識(shí)產(chǎn)生了一定的失誤，也導(dǎo)致司法實(shí)踐與刑法理論的分離。為保障公民防衛(wèi)權(quán)的正當(dāng)行使，保護(hù)不法侵害人的合法權(quán)益，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)睦碚摫硎鲞M(jìn)行整理和反思具有重要的理論意義。</p><p>　　<strong>一、關(guān)于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)有表述和存在的問題</strong></p><p>　　目前，刑法學(xué)界對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)囊话惚硎鍪牵菏紫�，論述正�?dāng)防衛(wèi)的條件，通常包括以下幾方面：前提條件——不法侵害的發(fā)生;時(shí)間條件——不法侵害正在發(fā)生尚未結(jié)束;對(duì)象條件——針對(duì)不法侵害人本人實(shí)施;意圖條件——為了保護(hù)國(guó)家利益，公共利益，本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利;限度條件——不能明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害。其次，進(jìn)一步提出防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)問題。對(duì)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)年U述有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)安排：一種是在正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的限度條件下，討論防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)問題;另一種是在正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的條件之后，單獨(dú)討論防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)及其刑事責(zé)任問題。同時(shí)，對(duì)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)條件的論述也有兩種方式：一是以超過正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的限度條件為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)而探討防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)淖镞^形式;二是運(yùn)用犯罪構(gòu)成理論，分別從犯罪主體、犯罪客體、犯罪主觀方面、犯罪客觀方面論述防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)臉?gòu)成。</p><p>　　最后，涉及到正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)與防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系。相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)者支持“轉(zhuǎn)化論”的觀點(diǎn)，即認(rèn)為防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)超過必要限度導(dǎo)致行為性質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果。這種表述可以簡(jiǎn)單地概括為：以正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)為基礎(chǔ)，討論正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。這樣表述的原因是多方面的，最重要的兩個(gè)方面是：一是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)作為排除犯罪性的行為之一，其研究受到理論界的格外關(guān)注;二是法律的規(guī)定，刑法第二十條第二款規(guī)定：“正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰�！边@一規(guī)定為以正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)為前提探討防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)提供了立法依據(jù)。應(yīng)當(dāng)看到，這一表述較好地解決了正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的有關(guān)問題，具體表現(xiàn)為理論界就正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的有關(guān)問題基本上達(dá)成了共識(shí)。但是，這種表述卻導(dǎo)致了防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)研究中的一系列問題，具體表現(xiàn)在：</p><p>　　(一)關(guān)于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)那疤岈F(xiàn)有的有關(guān)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)谋硎鲆哉?dāng)防衛(wèi)為基礎(chǔ)，這也表現(xiàn)在對(duì)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)前提的認(rèn)識(shí)中，即一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為：防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)是在實(shí)行正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)前提下的一種過當(dāng)行為。如果以此為研究的基礎(chǔ)，那就必然得出結(jié)論：防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)首先應(yīng)當(dāng)符合正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的所有條件，再加上使防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)具有特質(zhì)的條件，才成立防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)。在這個(gè)角度上，應(yīng)當(dāng)說防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的一種。但這一結(jié)論是論者以及學(xué)界同仁都不能接受的。</p><p>　　(二)關(guān)于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)臈l件主要有以下爭(zhēng)論：第一，盡管一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)以正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)為前提，但在分析防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)臈l件時(shí)，卻提出防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng)符合正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的前四個(gè)條件。這使論者自身的觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了矛盾。第二，有的學(xué)者根據(jù)法律的規(guī)定，認(rèn)為正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)超過限度條件就是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)。而防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)只有具備犯罪構(gòu)成時(shí)，行為人才負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，并進(jìn)一步將防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)分為：過失的防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)、意外事件的防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)、故意的防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)。按照論者的觀點(diǎn)，意外事件的防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，這與防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的法律規(guī)定明顯不符。第三，大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng)同時(shí)具備主客觀條件，但觀點(diǎn)各有不同。有的學(xué)者為了尋找防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)條件的法律依據(jù)，將刑法第二十條第二款的規(guī)定分解，提出：正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)超過必要限度是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)那疤�，明顯超過正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的必要限度是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)闹饔^要件，造成重大損害是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)目陀^要件。這種觀點(diǎn)人為分解了防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)目陀^條件，也與這一立法的本旨不符。與此同時(shí)，主流的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)目陀^要件，但對(duì)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)淖镞^形式卻產(chǎn)生了很大的爭(zhēng)議。這些問題一方面表現(xiàn)為理論上的爭(zhēng)論，同時(shí)也使防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)睦碚撗芯颗c實(shí)踐認(rèn)定出現(xiàn)了分離，例如：大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為，防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)淖镞^形式主要表現(xiàn)為過失，但實(shí)踐中絕大多數(shù)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)陌讣急徽J(rèn)定為故意犯罪。</p><p>　　(三)關(guān)于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)與防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系由于將正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)作為討論有關(guān)問題的基礎(chǔ)，防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)被描述為正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)超過限度條件的行為，因此得出結(jié)論：防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的轉(zhuǎn)化。也就是說，過當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生使正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)發(fā)生了質(zhì)變，由排除犯罪性的行為轉(zhuǎn)化為應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任的犯罪行為。但是，認(rèn)定一個(gè)行為構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)還是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，是對(duì)行為的一種整體評(píng)價(jià)。由于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)與防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)姆尚再|(zhì)截然不同，這種認(rèn)定就是一個(gè)非此即彼的問題，不存在認(rèn)定構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)后，因?yàn)檫^當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生而轉(zhuǎn)化為防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)目赡堋?/p><p>　　通過上述問題的分析，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有的表述存在很多問題，最根本的就是立論前提的不當(dāng)，即應(yīng)當(dāng)在一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的前提下探討正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)問題。</p><p>　　這個(gè)統(tǒng)一的前提是防衛(wèi)行為。目前，已有一些學(xué)者注意到這一問題，在論述中也以防衛(wèi)行為作為論述的基礎(chǔ)，但分析的框架沒有變化，致使這種立論前提的變化更多地表現(xiàn)為細(xì)節(jié)上的變動(dòng)，而沒有展現(xiàn)其應(yīng)有的理論意義。</p><p>　　<strong>二、以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎?/strong></p><p>　　為解決現(xiàn)有表述中存在的問題，正確認(rèn)定正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，尋求對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎�，是一�?xiàng)非常有意義的工作。下文將試圖以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)做出一種新的表述：</p><p>　　(一)防衛(wèi)行為</p><p>　　防衛(wèi)行為是指為了使國(guó)家、公共利益，本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為。這是公民防衛(wèi)權(quán)的行使。防衛(wèi)行為必須具備以下條件：</p><p>　　1.不法侵害的存在不法侵害是指對(duì)國(guó)家、公共利益，本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利的侵害。具體地說，不法侵害不僅包括犯罪行為，還包括某些行政違法行為和民事違法行為。</p><p>　　2.不法侵害正在進(jìn)行所謂不法侵害正在進(jìn)行，包括兩重含義：一是實(shí)際存在的不法侵害，而不是主觀想象的或者推測(cè)的侵害;二是不法侵害已經(jīng)開始但尚未結(jié)束，正在進(jìn)行之中。</p><p>　　3.出于防衛(wèi)意圖即必須是為了保護(hù)國(guó)家、公共利益，本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利，而實(shí)施相應(yīng)的行為。這意味著，行為人主觀上有明確的防衛(wèi)意識(shí)和防衛(wèi)目的。</p><p>　　4.針對(duì)不法侵害人實(shí)施防衛(wèi)行為的目的在于排除、制止不法侵害，所以只能針對(duì)不法侵害人本人進(jìn)行反擊，而不能針對(duì)不法侵害人以外的人實(shí)施防衛(wèi)行為。</p><p>　　符合上述四個(gè)方面的要件，行為人的行為即構(gòu)成防衛(wèi)行為，這是探討正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)墓餐疤帷?/p><p>　　(二)防衛(wèi)行為的限度</p><p>　　行為人實(shí)施制止不法侵害的防衛(wèi)行為，可能對(duì)不法侵害人造成損害。這表明，防衛(wèi)行為涉及到防衛(wèi)行為人與不法侵害人雙方，法律必須對(duì)兩者的利益做出協(xié)調(diào)，即在保護(hù)防衛(wèi)行為人權(quán)利的同時(shí)，也必須保護(hù)不法侵害人的合法權(quán)益。因此，必須對(duì)公民防衛(wèi)權(quán)的行使做出一定的限制，也就是說防衛(wèi)行為應(yīng)當(dāng)局限在一定的限度內(nèi)。由于防衛(wèi)行為是在遭遇不法侵害的情況下實(shí)施，一般都具有緊迫性，而不法侵害的形態(tài)也各不相同，防衛(wèi)人為制止不法侵害要采取的防衛(wèi)行為也有不同。因此，立法很難對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為的限度做出明確的規(guī)定，而只能規(guī)定一種判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國(guó)刑法對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為限度的規(guī)定為“明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害”，也就是以防衛(wèi)行為的結(jié)果作為對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為的限制。在實(shí)踐中，人們經(jīng)常通過對(duì)行為結(jié)果的認(rèn)識(shí)進(jìn)而對(duì)行為本身做出一定的評(píng)價(jià)。因此，這種關(guān)于防衛(wèi)行為限度的規(guī)定符合人們的認(rèn)識(shí)實(shí)踐。這一對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為的限制性規(guī)定意味著，如果防衛(wèi)行為沒有超越這一限制性規(guī)定，即防衛(wèi)行為沒有對(duì)不法侵害人造成損害;或者防衛(wèi)行為沒有明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害，那么防衛(wèi)行為在法律上被評(píng)價(jià)為合法，構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi);反之，如果防衛(wèi)行為明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害，即造成了過當(dāng)結(jié)果時(shí)，就應(yīng)當(dāng)通過分析行為人對(duì)過當(dāng)結(jié)果的心理態(tài)度來(lái)判斷防衛(wèi)行為的性質(zhì)。如果行為人對(duì)過當(dāng)結(jié)果的產(chǎn)生具有罪過時(shí)，行為人的行為在法律上被評(píng)價(jià)為違法行為，構(gòu)成防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)或者故意犯罪。從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)，過當(dāng)結(jié)果只具有形式上的意義。</p><p>　　(三)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)</p><p>　　根據(jù)上文對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為及其限度的分析，可以進(jìn)一步概括出正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的含義，即正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是指沒有超過限度的防衛(wèi)行為。具體地說，為了使國(guó)家、公共利益，本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，沒有明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的，是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。在以下幾種情況下，行為人實(shí)施的防衛(wèi)行為都構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。</p><p>　　1.行為人實(shí)施的防衛(wèi)行為沒有給不法侵害人造成損害;或者造成損害，但沒有明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的。在這兩種情況下，行為人的行為當(dāng)然構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。</p><p>　　2.行為人實(shí)施的防衛(wèi)行為明顯超過必要限度給不法侵害人造成重大損害，但行為人對(duì)這種過當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生沒有罪過的。在這種情況下，雖然發(fā)生了過當(dāng)結(jié)果，但行為人在實(shí)施防衛(wèi)行為時(shí)，沒有預(yù)見也不能頂見這種過當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生，行為人的行為也構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。</p><p>　　3.刑法第二十條第三款規(guī)定：“對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的行兇、殺人、搶劫、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不屬于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任�！崩碚摻鐚�(duì)這一規(guī)定的概括雖有所不同，但都承認(rèn)：對(duì)法律規(guī)定的嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪采取防衛(wèi)行為，不受防衛(wèi)限度的約束。這意味著，防衛(wèi)行為人的行為具有合法性，構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。</p><p>　　(四)防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)</p><p>　　行為人實(shí)施防衛(wèi)行為，明顯超過必要限度給不法侵害人造成重大損害，并且行為人對(duì)過當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生具有罪過的，其防衛(wèi)行為在法律上被評(píng)價(jià)為違法，與正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)性質(zhì)迥然而異。由于行為人對(duì)過當(dāng)結(jié)果罪過形式的不同，又可以分為兩種情況：</p><p>　　如果行為人的罪過形式為過失，即行為人應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見其防衛(wèi)行為可能明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害但因疏忽大意沒有預(yù)見，或者行為人已經(jīng)預(yù)見到其防衛(wèi)行為可能會(huì)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害但輕信能夠避免，導(dǎo)致過當(dāng)結(jié)果發(fā)生的情形。在這種情況下，行為人只有防衛(wèi)意識(shí)和防衛(wèi)目的，使得其行為是屬于防衛(wèi)行為的范疇。但由于防衛(wèi)人的過失的心理態(tài)度，使得該防衛(wèi)行為具有違法性，構(gòu)成防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)。在行為人的行為構(gòu)成防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)時(shí)，這一過當(dāng)結(jié)果具有實(shí)質(zhì)性的意義。</p><p>　　如果行為人的罪過形式為故意，即行為人明知其防衛(wèi)行為可能明顯超過必要限度給不法侵害人造成重大損害，并希望或者放任該結(jié)果發(fā)生的。在這種情況下，行為人不僅有防衛(wèi)意識(shí)和防衛(wèi)目的，還有傷害不法侵害人的意圖。在這種雙重意圖的支配下，如果行為人實(shí)施的防衛(wèi)行為明顯超過必要限度給不法侵害人造成重大損害，就表明傷害的意圖占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位，行為人的行為超出了防衛(wèi)行為的范疇，構(gòu)成故意犯罪。</p><p>　　按照上面的分析，防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)是指行為人實(shí)施的防衛(wèi)行為明顯超過必要限度給不法侵害人造成重大損害，并且行為人對(duì)過當(dāng)結(jié)果的發(fā)生具有過失的防衛(wèi)行為。</p><p>　　(五)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)與防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系</p><p>　　上文對(duì)防衛(wèi)行為、正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)姆治鲆呀?jīng)在一定程度上揭示了三者之問的關(guān)系，即防衛(wèi)行為包括正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，在防衛(wèi)行為這一前提下，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)相對(duì)立，前者是合法行為，后者是應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的犯罪行為。這意味著，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)和防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)都是從防衛(wèi)行為開始，但是由于行為主客觀要件的差異，使得行為具有向兩個(gè)方向發(fā)展的可能性。當(dāng)過當(dāng)結(jié)果沒有發(fā)生，或者雖然發(fā)生但行為人對(duì)其發(fā)生沒有罪過時(shí)，行為人的防衛(wèi)行為構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi);當(dāng)過當(dāng)結(jié)果發(fā)生，并且行為人對(duì)其發(fā)生具有過失時(shí)，行為人的防衛(wèi)行為構(gòu)成防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)。這說明，一個(gè)防衛(wèi)行為最終構(gòu)成正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)還是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，是對(duì)該行為所作的一種非此即彼的評(píng)價(jià)，不存在正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)向防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)化問題。</p><script>s("content_relate");</script><p>【以防衛(wèi)行為為前提，對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)、防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)男卤硎觥肯嚓P(guān)文章：</p><p><a 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