如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰?/title> <meta name="keywords" content="如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰?> <meta name="description" content="獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰κ菍W(xué)生在掌握化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能和觀察、思維、自學(xué)等能力的基礎(chǔ)上和過程中遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化而形成的一種手腦并用的能力。根據(jù)中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)的目的、學(xué)科特點(diǎn)和教學(xué)內(nèi)容，應(yīng)達(dá)到如下要求：①能設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證結(jié)論，探索新知識(shí)和解決一化"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/static/css/v2/article.css">  <script type="text/javascript"> var D=new Date(),RAND_STR=D.getUTCFullYear()+"_"+D.getUTCMonth()+"_"+D.getUTCDate()+"_"+(Math.floor(D.getUTCHours()/3)); if((navigator.userAgent.match(/(phone|pad|pod|mobile|ios|android|BlackBerry|MQQBrowser|JUC|Fennec|wOSBrowser|BrowserNG|WebOS|symbian|transcoder)/i))){ document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="http://m.1-jiu.com/static/js/m.js?'+RAND_STR+'"><\/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" 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class="main-left"> <div id="5vajrimf" class="article"> <script type="text/javascript">s("title_top");</script> <h1 class="title">如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰?/h1> <div id="5vajrimf" class="info"> <span id="5vajrimf" class="time">時(shí)間：2022-11-13 05:59:32 </span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="sm_after_time"></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/xuexi/fangfa/" title="學(xué)習(xí)方法">學(xué)習(xí)方法</a></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="5vajrimf" class="content"> <div id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰?/p> 獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰κ菍W(xué)生在掌握化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能和觀察、思維、自學(xué)等能力的基礎(chǔ)上和過程中遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化而形成的一種手腦并用的能力。根據(jù)中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)的目的、學(xué)科特點(diǎn)和教學(xué)內(nèi)容，應(yīng)達(dá)到如下要求：①能設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證結(jié)論，探索新知識(shí)和解決一化學(xué)問題，并能根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)情況，及時(shí)修改設(shè)計(jì)方案。②能按設(shè)計(jì)方案，裝配儀器，配制溶液，控制實(shí)驗(yàn)條件，獨(dú)立地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察和記錄。并能處理一些實(shí)驗(yàn)中出現(xiàn)的問題。③能對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)所得的資料加以整理，進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理、分析、綜合、抽象概括得出結(jié)論，寫出實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告。這三項(xiàng)要求是相互聯(lián)系的，需根據(jù)各學(xué)年的教學(xué)內(nèi)容研究安排，逐步培養(yǎng)才能達(dá)到。各學(xué)年除了認(rèn)真嚴(yán)格地按化學(xué)教學(xué)大綱和教材，進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)，完成實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能和觀察思維等能力的培養(yǎng)外，還要著重從定量實(shí)驗(yàn)和物質(zhì)鑒別，以及實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題和探索性實(shí)驗(yàn)等方面的內(nèi)容去培養(yǎng)。<br /> 如初三，要求做好定量實(shí)驗(yàn)和所學(xué)幾種物質(zhì)的鑒別，以及在老師指導(dǎo)下使學(xué)生通過“酸、堿、鹽、氧化物的實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題”，初步學(xué)會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案，并能按方案獨(dú)立地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、記錄，得出結(jié)論，寫出實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告。又如高一，在初三的基礎(chǔ)上，還要著重要求：①初步能設(shè)計(jì)一些實(shí)驗(yàn)，驗(yàn)證所學(xué)離子及其鑒別的實(shí)驗(yàn)方案。②獨(dú)立完成定量實(shí)驗(yàn)，并學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)處理。③能按實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題的要求，獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案，并進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，得出結(jié)論，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行中出現(xiàn)的問題，能在教師的啟發(fā)下，自己分析原因求得解決。如何培養(yǎng)提高獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Γ邯?dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰�，是以化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀察思維等能力為基礎(chǔ)的，培養(yǎng)的主要途徑和方法是切實(shí)加強(qiáng)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)。在課內(nèi)外，通過下列各個(gè)方法和具體方法，有計(jì)劃、有目的地進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。<br /> 1．加強(qiáng)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基本功的訓(xùn)練和獨(dú)立操作的培養(yǎng)首先，化學(xué)教學(xué)大綱所規(guī)定的 47 項(xiàng)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能，一定要根據(jù)各學(xué)年教材內(nèi)容。從加強(qiáng)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)入手，使學(xué)生切實(shí)掌握。離開了實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能，獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Φ呐囵B(yǎng)就要落空。動(dòng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證結(jié)論，探索未知和解決一些問題時(shí)，要求有相應(yīng)裝配儀器、鑒別物質(zhì)(包括一些要定量鑒定)等實(shí)驗(yàn)技能。因此，在加強(qiáng)大綱所規(guī)定實(shí)驗(yàn)基本技能基本功訓(xùn)練的同時(shí)，也要加強(qiáng)儀器裝配、物質(zhì)鑒別和定量實(shí)驗(yàn)等基本功，使學(xué)生逐步學(xué)會(huì)。通過教師示范學(xué)生模仿著做，逐步過渡到學(xué)生獨(dú)立操作，這是一般途徑和方法。要多讓學(xué)生有獨(dú)立操作的機(jī)會(huì)，在邊講邊實(shí)驗(yàn)和學(xué)生分組實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，盡可能減少分組的人數(shù)，一人一組為好。二人一組時(shí)，要安排好輪流操作。在這個(gè)過程中，要幫助學(xué)生解決獨(dú)立操作中的問題，還要進(jìn)行考查。除此以外學(xué)生還必須緊密結(jié)合和運(yùn)用有關(guān)的知識(shí)，熟悉有關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，實(shí)驗(yàn)成敗的關(guān)鍵，懂得其中的道理。才能有效地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的能力。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意“理論知識(shí)起主導(dǎo)作用”，不然，學(xué)生就只能照方抓藥，墨守成規(guī)，缺乏靈活運(yùn)用的本領(lǐng)。<br /> 2．學(xué)習(xí)化學(xué)科學(xué)的研究方法，培養(yǎng)研究能力通過中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)，使學(xué)生初步認(rèn)識(shí)化學(xué)科學(xué)的研究方法，提高探索化學(xué)科學(xué)的能力。一般有以下兩種方法：(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)→觀察→分析→結(jié)論→實(shí)踐(2)問題→假設(shè)→實(shí)驗(yàn)→觀察→分析→證實(shí)假設(shè)或否定假設(shè)中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)中通常采用第一種方法使學(xué)生獲得化學(xué)知識(shí)。但也要有意識(shí)地注意用第二種方法進(jìn)一步使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)化學(xué)知識(shí)是如何獲得的。這樣就能逐步地使學(xué)生對(duì)化學(xué)科學(xué)的研究方法有初步的認(rèn)識(shí)。首先是要反復(fù)通過具體事實(shí)，使學(xué)生明白實(shí)驗(yàn)所提供的化學(xué)現(xiàn)象和事實(shí)是在人為的特定條件下進(jìn)行的，逐步懂得如何借助實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器裝置及藥品來控制條件，使之現(xiàn)象明顯。實(shí)驗(yàn)一般從定性開始，由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜，定性到定量，如中和滴定等。從而學(xué)會(huì)使用有關(guān)儀器及操作，實(shí)驗(yàn)離不開觀察，應(yīng)按前面培養(yǎng)觀察能力所講要求進(jìn)行。然后把定量實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)得的數(shù)據(jù)，作成圖或表(溶解度曲線)進(jìn)行分析，再把實(shí)驗(yàn)所得資料進(jìn)行整理、分析、抽象、概括得出結(jié)論，從感性上升到理性完成整個(gè)思維過程。<br /> 3．培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的能力：教會(huì)學(xué)生按實(shí)驗(yàn)題目自己設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)，進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，是重要途徑和方法。從已有教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，要先示范講清原理：(1)剖析演示實(shí)驗(yàn)，講清實(shí)驗(yàn)原理。做演示實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，要有意識(shí)地通過有代表性的實(shí)驗(yàn)分析清楚，講解透徹，從而推導(dǎo)出這種類型實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本原理，讓學(xué)生對(duì)此有清楚的概念，就能使學(xué)生觸類旁通。(2)熟悉化學(xué)藥品的性質(zhì)，明確選擇儀器的原則，能夠正確選用儀器。熟悉化學(xué)藥品的性質(zhì)，正確地選擇儀器是完成實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的重要條件。通過代表性的演示實(shí)驗(yàn)，使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到，選擇儀器除根據(jù)反應(yīng)物和生成物的性質(zhì)外，還要根據(jù)反應(yīng)條件，有的則要根據(jù)反應(yīng)速度等等。從模仿到獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在高中。<br /> 一般來說有下述幾個(gè)途徑和方法：(1)利用教材里安排的學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)，來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。學(xué)生按實(shí)驗(yàn)教材內(nèi)容獨(dú)立地做過幾次學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)之后，要求學(xué)生對(duì)教材中某一個(gè)學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)，不看課本所敘述的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟方法，而是按教師所提出的要求和已經(jīng)學(xué)過的實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案，寫出實(shí)驗(yàn)所需要藥品、儀器，實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟方法，以及儀器裝置圖和實(shí)驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)。然后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)照課本，糾正設(shè)計(jì)中不妥當(dāng)?shù)牡胤�，再�?dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)。高一開始可逐步增加設(shè)計(jì)的次數(shù)，使學(xué)生逐步懂得設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)包括哪些項(xiàng)目及要求。(2)通過實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)和運(yùn)用實(shí)驗(yàn)解決一些化學(xué)問題。中學(xué)化學(xué)教材的實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題，需要學(xué)生根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容和目的要求，運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)和技能，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟方法，選擇儀器和藥品，并用文字或圖、表來表示。經(jīng)教師審查并給學(xué)生必要的指導(dǎo)與幫助，然后讓學(xué)生獨(dú)立進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題中同一題目可以有不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案，都可以讓學(xué)生去實(shí)踐，并互相交流實(shí)驗(yàn)心得體會(huì)，以擴(kuò)大眼界提高設(shè)計(jì)能力。要十分重視和讓學(xué)生做好實(shí)驗(yàn)習(xí)題的實(shí)驗(yàn)。(3)開展以設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)為重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的化學(xué)課外學(xué)科活動(dòng)。在課外化學(xué)學(xué)科活動(dòng)中，可多指導(dǎo)學(xué)生搞些實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，特別是提出一些綜合性或帶有研究性質(zhì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)題目。如用化學(xué)方法溶解蛋殼取得蛋衣，利用蛋衣進(jìn)行膠體滲析和滲透壓的實(shí)驗(yàn)。讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用和學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)知識(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)，經(jīng)教師的幫助及作必要的修改，然后獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)。這對(duì)提高學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)和獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)，及創(chuàng)造性能力有重要作用，要十分重視和開展這一項(xiàng)工作。<script>s("content_relate");</script><p>【如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Α肯嚓P(guān)文章：</p><p><a 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