高中英語語法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解決與回顧
現(xiàn)狀詳析
最近有不少高考生來我中心咨詢，反映高考臨近，他們?cè)絹碓骄o張，希望能提供良策。考試焦慮癥在考生中的比例有多少呢？有人對(duì)一所普通高中和一所重點(diǎn)高中的各60余名應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生，進(jìn)行了考前焦慮心理測(cè)試。結(jié)果是：普通高中，基本不焦慮者占11.5%，有焦慮者占88.5%，其中嚴(yán)重者占27%；重點(diǎn)高中，基本不焦慮者占16.6%，有焦
慮者占83.4%，其中較嚴(yán)重者占7.5%。雖然重點(diǎn)高中學(xué)生的應(yīng)試心理素質(zhì)明顯好于普通高中，但總體來說，有高考焦慮癥的均超過80%。人逢中、高考這樣的大事，都會(huì)緊張起來，適度緊張能使考生集中注意力，有利于復(fù)習(xí)備考。曾有一名高考生剛進(jìn)考場(chǎng)沒寫幾筆就交卷離場(chǎng)了，只見他在試卷上寫道：“小子本無才，老子逼著來，試卷交上去，鴨蛋滾下來�！敝挥羞@樣的考生，才對(duì)考試不緊張。對(duì)考前的適度緊張，不必過分在意，應(yīng)把它視作一種正�，F(xiàn)象。
考生如過度緊張，弦繃得太緊了，結(jié)果會(huì)適得其反。持續(xù)過度緊張，會(huì)使大腦中樞始終處于興奮狀態(tài)，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生疲勞、消極、昏昏欲睡、注意力不集中等保護(hù)反應(yīng)狀態(tài)，使學(xué)習(xí)效率下降。如不能改變，進(jìn)一步就會(huì)發(fā)展為考試焦慮癥：擔(dān)憂、焦慮、煩躁不安；注意力不集中、記憶力下降、看書效率低、思維僵化；頭痛、食欲下降、惡心、心慌、睡眠不好。輕則出現(xiàn)短暫思維障礙，重則出現(xiàn)軀體癥狀。所謂思維障礙，就是考前注意力不集中、記憶力下降、消極厭學(xué)，考時(shí)或大腦突然空白，或思維停頓，或越想越亂。
學(xué)校、家長(zhǎng)及考生本人應(yīng)該高度重視在復(fù)習(xí)迎考階段出現(xiàn)的心理問題、特別是考試焦慮癥，它們會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響考試成績(jī)。中科院心理所專家從1999年起，曾連續(xù)4年跟蹤全國(guó)高考200名第一名，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在20個(gè)影響高考成功的因素中，排在第一位的是考生考試中的心理狀態(tài)，第二位是考生考前的心理狀態(tài)，第三位是學(xué)習(xí)方法，第四位是學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)，以前備受關(guān)注的記憶力僅排在第17位。專家認(rèn)為高考成功，一靠考生掌握知識(shí)的水平；二靠考生心理狀態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)狀況，心理調(diào)節(jié)得好，能提高60-100分。
解決對(duì)策
為了有效地治療考試焦慮癥，應(yīng)先了解它發(fā)生的生理基礎(chǔ)。人的各種情緒都有體內(nèi)相應(yīng)的激素物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生，與其有關(guān)的激素物質(zhì)是腎上腺素、去甲腎上腺素、β-內(nèi)啡肽。情緒緊張時(shí)，腦內(nèi)會(huì)分泌出去甲腎上腺素；感覺恐怖時(shí)，腦內(nèi)會(huì)分泌出腎上腺素。這些激素物質(zhì)是人的生活中不可缺少的物質(zhì)。但如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于恐懼、緊張的感覺，這些物質(zhì)就會(huì)持續(xù)分泌，其毒性作用會(huì)對(duì)身體產(chǎn)生損害，大大影響復(fù)習(xí)考試的效率。人心情放松時(shí)，腦內(nèi)會(huì)分泌出β-內(nèi)啡肽，它能活躍腦細(xì)胞，使身體保持旺盛活力，使愉快的心情得以保持和延續(xù)�？忌缣幱谶@種狀態(tài)，就能看得進(jìn)、記得牢。
從上述分析，可看出考試焦慮的形成過程是：人的情緒緊張、恐懼———腦內(nèi)分泌出去甲腎上腺素、腎上腺素———身體緊張———應(yīng)激激素持續(xù)分泌毒性作用———考試焦慮癥。在這個(gè)過程中，情緒緊張是源頭。情緒緊張又是怎么引起的呢？我在咨詢實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，首先是考生學(xué)習(xí)方法所致，學(xué)習(xí)方法不正確，有不少內(nèi)容沒掌握，自然就要緊張。上述調(diào)查中，普通高中考生嚴(yán)重考試焦慮癥比重點(diǎn)高中多4倍，也說明前者學(xué)習(xí)方法及掌握的程度要差于后者。所以，要解決考試焦慮首先要解決方法問題。關(guān)于如何在考前掌握正確的復(fù)習(xí)方法，我已在前一周文章中已作了闡述。
除了方法以外，引起過分緊張的是不正確的認(rèn)知。這些考生太注重結(jié)果。他們老在想：“我奮斗12年，就為高考這幾天了，如果考砸了怎么辦？”于是越想越擔(dān)心，越想越緊張。其實(shí)，太想穿過針眼的手會(huì)抖，太想踢進(jìn)球的腳會(huì)抖，太想在考試中勝出的心會(huì)顫。太關(guān)注結(jié)果，反而沒有結(jié)果。
因此，醫(yī)治考試焦慮癥的認(rèn)知處方是：將結(jié)果與過程分離，將關(guān)注的重心轉(zhuǎn)移到復(fù)習(xí)過程中來，在正確復(fù)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略的指導(dǎo)下，認(rèn)真抓好復(fù)習(xí)的每一天，做好眼下的每一道題，只要你在考前主觀上做到了最佳，相信結(jié)果對(duì)你來說也必定是最佳，至于真實(shí)的結(jié)果如何，那不是完全由自己決定的，就交給老天去決定吧!
高中英語語法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)回顧之三
little,no,some, 等修飾。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的'就用that(which),否則用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過去完成時(shí),從句用過去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
代詞作主語時(shí),主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.
當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
表語置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動(dòng)詞+主語”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
部分倒裝
用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
3.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開頭的句子。
Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時(shí))。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。
Only Wang Ling knows this.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,
an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;
papers 報(bào)紙, 文件 manners禮貌 drinks飲料
in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之?in other words 換句話說
have words with 與某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.與某人說幾句話
The crowd were running for their lives．
某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle等, 只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are searching for him.
高中英語語法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)回顧之二
d that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如：I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意：不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如：
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand(無法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
allow, advise, forbid, permit
We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.
動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)
Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well refuse.
這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有歧義。
下面句中過去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。
He used to live in London, use(d)n’t he /didn’t he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n’t there /didn’t there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問部分不可用mustn’t。若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問部分用aren’t(isn’t)十主語,例如：You must be tired,aren’t you?若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問句部分則用needn’t。例如：You must go home right now, needn’t you?
當(dāng)mustn’t 表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問部分一般用must。如：
You mustn’t walk on grass, must you?
前句謂語動(dòng)詞是must have＋過去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè)(一般有過去時(shí)間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動(dòng)詞用didn’t＋主語;若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動(dòng)詞用haven’t(hasn’t)＋主語, 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he?
You must have seen the film, haven’t you?
陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn’t he?
如果陳述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。
Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?
Everyone knows their job,don’t they?
No one was hurt,were they?
I’m late, aren’t I?
One can’t be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you?
Let’s go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?
同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E)后面緊接or not 時(shí)。
We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
該句有兩個(gè)意思：“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”。
或“如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我�！庇昧藈hether就可以避免。
在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句：
1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,
高中英語語法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)回顧之一
主謂一致常考難題：
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時(shí), 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主語用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk．
并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy．
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor．
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．
The room with its furniture was rented．
A (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here．
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．
季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱，球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
形容詞的順序：
系動(dòng)詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-開首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語,不能作定語。
某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地
2)free 免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不
4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來
5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎
bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least
表示一方不及另一方時(shí)，用“l(fā)ess＋原級(jí)＋than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示：This room is less beautiful than that one．
表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾：He works even harder than before．
注意:by far 通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．
在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。
表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double。
表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。
如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí)，該用so而不用such。如：
I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
6)almost與nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：
I’m not nearly ready.
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：
You needn’t come so early.
Need I finish the work today? －－Yes, you must.
注意：needn’t have done“表示本來不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如：You needn’t have waited for me.
“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t)
書報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：
The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。
The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。
在動(dòng)詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)＋ 動(dòng)詞原形”(虛擬語氣)例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordere
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