- 小升初英語語法時(shí)態(tài)講解與歸納 推薦度:
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小升初英語語法時(shí)態(tài)講解與歸納匯總
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一. 意義:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情,動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
二. 構(gòu)成及變化
1、be動(dòng)詞的變化
肯定句:主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.
我是一個(gè)男孩。
否定句:主語+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.
他不是工人。
一般疑問句:Be +主語+其它。 如:-Are you a student?
-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+一般疑問句。如:Where is my bike?
2、行為動(dòng)詞的變化
當(dāng)主語為第一,二人稱及復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),助動(dòng)詞為do
肯定句:主語+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。
如:We often play basketball after school.
否定句:主語+ don't+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。
如:we don’t play basketball after school.
一般疑問句:Do +主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它?
如: Do you often play basketball after school l? Yes, we do. / No, we don't.
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+以do開頭的一般疑問句?
如: What do you often do after school ?
當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí) ,助動(dòng)詞為does
肯定句:主語+動(dòng)詞三單式(+其它)。如: He swims well.
否定句:主語+ doesn’t+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。
如:He doesn’t swim well..
一般疑問句:Does +主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。
如:Does he swim well ?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+以does開頭的一般疑問句?
如: How does your father go to work?
三、第三人稱單數(shù)的動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則(只有在第三人稱為主語的肯定句中,動(dòng)詞才用三單式)
(1)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞直接加s:
runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs…….
(2)結(jié)尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前為輔音字母,結(jié)尾加es :
watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes
(3)動(dòng)詞末尾y前為輔音:將y改為i加es:
study→studies fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries
但在y前如果為元音則直接加s:
buys says
四、時(shí)間標(biāo)志:always , usually , often , sometimes ,every…
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
一、意義——當(dāng)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或正在發(fā)生的事。
二、構(gòu)成:be (am, is ,are )+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞-ing形式
肯定句: 主語 + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing (+ 其他)
I’m doing my homework now .
否定句:主語+be+not+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他.
I’m not doing my homework now.
一般疑問句:Be+主語+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他?
Are you doing your home work now?
Yes, I am . No , I’m not .
特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+be+主語+動(dòng)詞-ing+其他?
What are you doing now ?
三、現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成:
(1)一般在動(dòng)詞末尾直接加ing,
(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,再加ing,
如 skate →skating make →making dance → dancing write → writing have → having
ride → riding come → coming
(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,中間只有一個(gè)元音字母,詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加ing, 如: putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping jogging
sitting getting forgetting letting
四、時(shí)間標(biāo)志——now,句前的look ,listen
一般過去時(shí)
一、意義:表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài).
二、構(gòu)成及變化
1. Be動(dòng)詞在一般過去時(shí)中的變化:
am 和is在一般過去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。(was not=wasn’t)
are在一般過去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。(were not=weren’t)
帶有was或were的句子,其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑問句把was或were調(diào)到句首。
2.行為動(dòng)詞在一般過去時(shí)中的變化:
肯定句 : 主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式 .
I watched a film last Sunday .
否定句 : 主語+ didn’t + 動(dòng)詞原形.
I didn’t watch a film last Sunday .
一般疑問句:Did + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形 ?
Did you watch a film last Sunday ?
Yes, I did . No , I didn’t .
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+ 以did 開頭的一般疑問句 ?
What did you do last Sunday ?
三、時(shí)間標(biāo)志:
yesterday,
yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)
last night (week, month, year…),
a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago…
just now,
一般將來時(shí)
一、意義:
表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來經(jīng);蛑貜(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
二. 構(gòu)成及變化:
一般將來時(shí)常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)
be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事。
shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,沒有太多的計(jì)劃性, 還用來表示意愿
⑴ be going to +動(dòng)詞原形
、蹇隙ň 主語+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份
My sister is going to learn English next year.
我姐姐準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語。
㈡否定句 主語+be(am / is / are)not going to +動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份
I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight.
我今天晚上不打算去看電影。
㈢一般疑問句 Be (am / is / are)+主語+going to+動(dòng)詞原型+其它成份…?
Is your father going to play basketball with you ?
你父親打算和你去打籃球嗎?
No , he isn’t.不。
、.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞(Wh-)+一般疑問句 ?
Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.?
春節(jié)你打算在哪過?
、.注意: be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)后面習(xí)慣上不跟 go , come 等表位移的動(dòng)詞,一般用該動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示。
如: He’s going to New York next week.下周他要去紐約.
⑵.will /shall +動(dòng)詞原形
(在書面語中,主語是第一人稱時(shí),常用shall ,在口語中,所有人稱都可以用will)
1.肯定句 主語+will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份
I (shall) write to him next week.
下周我將給他寫信。
2.否定句 主語 + will /shall+ not + 動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份
They won’t watch TV this evening.
今天晚上他們不看電視。
3.一般疑問句will/shall+主語 +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份
Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ?
明天你和我們呆在家里好嗎?
4.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞(Wh-) +一般疑問句
When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么時(shí)侯回來?
三、附 :Shall I /we …常用來征求對(duì)方意見,而問對(duì)方是否愿意,或者表示客氣的邀請(qǐng),常用Will you…?他們的回答比較靈活。
1.Shall we go to the park ?
肯定Sure , let’s go .
否定 No , let’s go to the cinema.
2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?
肯定Yes, I will. / Sure .
否定 I’m sorry. I’m afraid I can’t.
四、時(shí)間標(biāo)志:tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
用法1:表示:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
標(biāo)志詞:already, yet, just, ever, never, before
用法2:表示:過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
標(biāo)志詞:for, since, since…ago
基本結(jié)構(gòu):助動(dòng)詞have/has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
(當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)用has,其余人稱用have)
1)肯定式:主語 + have / has + 過去分詞
2)否定式:主語 + have / has + not + 過去分詞
3)一般疑問句: Have / Has + 主語 + 過去分詞
Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主語 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
4)特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+過去分詞
例句
1. 過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作到目前為止這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。
如:1)I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作業(yè)了。(過去某時(shí)開始做,到現(xiàn)在已完成)
2)He has already come 他已經(jīng)來了。(過去某時(shí)開始離開某地到這來,現(xiàn)在已在這。)
2. 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去并延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
如:1)I have studied English for six years. 我已經(jīng)學(xué)了六年英語了。
(六年前開始學(xué)英語,一直學(xué)到現(xiàn)在, 也可能繼續(xù)學(xué)也可能就此不學(xué)了。)
2)I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我從1990年就在沈陽住。
(從1990年開始住在沈陽一直住到現(xiàn)在,也可能繼續(xù)住也可能就此為止。)
注意1) 當(dāng)表示一段時(shí)間,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用for 或since引導(dǎo)的狀語。
例如:I’ve known Li Li for 4 years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)麗麗已經(jīng)4年了。
I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自從8年前我就在這工作。
注意2) 當(dāng)在肯定陳述句中含有already或just 時(shí),在轉(zhuǎn)換成否定句時(shí),要把句中的already 或just 去掉,在句末加上yet.。
例如:I have already seen the film. ------ I haven’t seen the film yet.
He has just come. He hasn’t come yet?
使用時(shí)注意事項(xiàng)
1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一種完成時(shí),但和have/ has 為同一意思“有”。
如:Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have.
你有筆友嗎?是的,我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasn’t.
他有許多工作要做嗎?不,他沒有。
2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地,人還未回來
have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過,人已經(jīng)回來了
have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在,常與一段時(shí)間連用
如:He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去過沈陽。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈陽10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈陽了嗎?
3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever連用;have/ has gone to則不可。
例如:─ Has Tom ever been to Paris? 湯姆去過巴黎嗎?
─ Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的,他去過好幾次了。
─ Where have they gone? 他們?nèi)ツ睦锪?
─ They’ve gone to Shenyang. 他們?nèi)ド蜿柫恕?/p>
4.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) + 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語”的句型中。
這類動(dòng)詞有:come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它們能夠用表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的非延續(xù)性性動(dòng)詞。
例如: arrive, come → be here, be in buy → have begin, start → be on ;
die → be dead finish, end → be over go out → be out
join → be in borrow→keep finish/end →be over
close →be closed leave, move → be away; fall asleep → be asleep
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示過去某一階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那時(shí),我正在跟李華談話。
I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看電視。
2. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:
I was doing my lessons then. 那時(shí),我在做功課。
We were cleaning the house. 我們?cè)诖驋叻孔印?/p>
3. 使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
(1) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他說他今天下午要去北京。
(2) 動(dòng)詞hope, wonder等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示提出要求,雖然表示現(xiàn)在的內(nèi)容,但語氣比一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)要委婉。如:
I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否過來跟我們一起活動(dòng)?
(3) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, continually, constantly修飾時(shí),表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:
He was always thinking of others. 他總是想到人家。
4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù),而一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成。如:
He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在寫作文。(不一定寫完)
He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚寫了一篇作文。(已經(jīng)寫完)
(2) 表示過去的狀態(tài)、感覺及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般過去時(shí),但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說話時(shí)口里含著食物。
(3) 一般過去時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示“過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”;而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),常帶有感****彩。如:
He always got up at six. 他過去總是六點(diǎn)起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。
(4) 有時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來替換一般過去時(shí),但一般過去時(shí)表示主語的行為是經(jīng)過認(rèn)真考慮的;而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種較隨便或沒有進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮的行為。如:
I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以為它會(huì)同意我們的。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要說服他接受我們的建議
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語
1. when 和while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的過程中時(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),while表示一段時(shí)間,因此它所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),如:
When/While we were having supper, the light went out. 我們正在吃飯時(shí)燈熄滅了。
2. when用作并列連詞時(shí),主句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),從句則用一般過去時(shí),表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程中,另一個(gè)意想不到的動(dòng)作發(fā)生了。如:
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走時(shí)突然有人喊我。
下面幾種情況不用一般過去時(shí)而要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí):
1. 表示過去某一階段暫時(shí)性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí)。如:
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 湯姆那一周里每天都是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。
2. 與always連用表示贊美,厭煩等感情色彩時(shí)。如:
John was always coming to school late. 約翰上學(xué)總是遲到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷鋒總是為人民做好事。
3. 用來描寫故事發(fā)生的情景時(shí)。如:
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚,風(fēng)刮得很厲害,雨下得很大,一個(gè)解放軍戰(zhàn)士突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上,他想過河去。
4. when作并列連詞,表示“(這時(shí))突然”之意時(shí),第一個(gè)并列分句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過去時(shí)。如:
I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步,突然遇見了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我們正在外邊玩,這時(shí)下起雨來了。
5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的含義。如:
I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武漢。
She was coming later. 她隨后就來。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣(只限于want, hope, wonder 等動(dòng)詞),用以提出請(qǐng)求。如:
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
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