會計畢業論文附錄

會計畢業論文范文附錄

　　畢業論文附錄是論文的組成部分，一般放在全文最后，主要起到補充的作用，根據情況是可以省略的，當然，一篇完整的論文，附錄也是比較重要的，有需要就不要省掉。以下是小編整理的會計畢業論文范文附錄，快看看要怎么寫吧。

　　會計畢業論文范文附錄1

　　Fair Value Measurements

　　In February 2006 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) published a Memorandum of Understanding reaffirming their commitment to the convergence of US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and to their shared objective of developing high quality, common accounting standards for use in the world’s capital markets.  The convergence work programme set out in the Memorandum reflects the standard-setting context of the ‘roadmap’ developed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in consultation with the IASB, FASB and European Commission for the removal of the reconciliation requirement for non-US companies that use IFRSs and are registered in the US.  The work programe includes a project on measuring fair value.

　　The FASB has recently issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.  157 Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157), on which work was well advanced before the Memorandum of Understanding was published. SFAS 157 establishes a single definition of fair value together with a framework for measuring fair value for US GAAP.  The IASB recognised the need for guidance on measuring fair value in IFRSs and for increased convergence with US GAAP.  Consequently, the IASB decided to use the FASB’s standard as the starting point for its deliberations.  As the first stage of its project, the IASB is publishing in this discussion paper its preliminary views on the principal issues contained in SFAS 157.

　　The IASB plans to hold round-table meetings on this discussion paper in conjunction with the development of an exposure draft. Please indicate in your response to this Invitation to Comment if you are interested in taking part in a round-table meeting.  Please note that, because of timing and space constraints, not all of those indicating an interest may be able to take part.

　　The IASB will consider responses to this Invitation to Comment and the related round-table discussions in developing an exposure draft of an IFRS on fair value measurement.  The exposure draft will be prepared specifically for application to IFRSs.  Although provisions of SFAS 157 may be used in the preparation of an exposure draft, they may be reworded or altered to be consistent with other IFRSs and to reflect the decisions of the IASB.  The IASB plans to publish an exposure draft by early 2008.

　　In November 2005 the IASB published for comment a discussion paper, Measurement Bases for Financial Accounting – Measurement on Initial Recognition, written by the staff of the Canadian Accounting Standards Board. Although that paper contained a discussion of fair value, its primary purpose was to discuss which measurement attributes were appropriate for initial recognition. That paper is part of the ongoing Conceptual Framework project that seeks to establish, among other things, a framework for measurement in financial reporting.  Because of the different scope and intent of that paper, it is not discussed in this discussion paper.  However, comments on that discussion paper relating to the measurement of fair value will be considered in the development of the exposure draft of an IFRS on fair value measurement as well as in the Conceptual Framework project. Issue 1.  SFAS 157 and fair value measurement guidance in  current IFRSs

　　IFRSs require some assets, liabilities and  equity instruments to  be measured at fair value in some circumstances.  However, guidance on measuring fair value is dispersed throughout IFRSs and is not always consistent.  The IASB believes that establishing a single source of guidance for all fair value measurements required by IFRSs will both simplify IFRSs and improve the quality of fair value information included in financial reports.  A concise definition of fair value combined with consistent guidance that applies to all fair value measurements would more clearly communicate the objective of fair value measurement and eliminate the need for constituents to consider guidance dispersed throughout IFRSs.

　　The IASB emphasises that the Fair Value Measurements project is not a means of expanding the use of fair value in financial reporting.  Rather, the objective of the project is to codify, clarify and simplify existing guidance that is dispersed widely in IFRSs.  However, in order to establish a single standard that provides uniform guidance for all fair value measurements required by IFRSs, amendments will need to be made to the existing guidance.  As discussed further in Issue 2, the amendments might change how fair value is measured in some standards and how the requirements are interpreted and applied.

　　In some IFRSs the IASB (or its predecessor body) consciously included measurement guidance that results in a measurement that is treated as if it were fair value even though the guidance is not consistent with the fair value measurement objective.  For example, paragraph B16 of IFRS 3 Business Combinations provides guidance that is inconsistent with the fair value measurement objective for  items acquired  in a business combination such as tax assets, tax liabilities and net employee benefit assets or liabilities for defined benefit plans.  Furthermore, some IFRSs contain measurement reliability criteria.  For example, IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment permits the revaluation model to be used only if fair value can be measured reliably  This project will not change any of that guidance.  Rather, that guidance will be considered project by project.  However, the IASB plans to use the Fair Value Measurements project to establish guidance where there currently is none, such as in IAS 17 Leases, as well as to eliminate inconsistent guidance that does not clearly articulate a single measurement objective.

　　Because SFAS 157 establishes a single source of guidance and a single objective that can be applied to all fair value measurements, the IASB has reached the preliminary view that SFAS 157 is an improvement on the disparate guidance in IFRSs.  However, as discussed in more detail below, the IASB has not reached preliminary views on all provisions of SFAS 157.Issue 2.  Differences between the definitions of fair value in SFAS 157 and in IFRSs

　　Paragraph 5 of SFAS 157 defines fair value as ‘the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.’ Bycomparison, fair value is generally defined in IFRSs as ‘the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction’ (withsome slight variations in  wording in different standards). Thedefinition in SFAS 157 differs from the definition in IFRSs in three important ways:

　　(a)The definition in SFAS 157 is explicitly an exit (selling)price. Thedefinition in IFRSs is neither explicitly an exit price nor an entry (buying) price.

　　(b)The definition in SFAS 157 explicitly refers to market participants. The definition in IFRSs refers to knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

　　(c)For liabilities, the definition of fair value in SFAS 157 rests on the notion that the liability is transferred(the liability to the counterparty continues; it is not settled with the counterparty). The definition in IFRSs refers to the amount at which a liability

　　could be settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

　　These differences are discussed in more detail below.Issue 2A.  Exit price measurement objective

　　The Basis for Conclusions of SFAS 157 includes the following discussion:

　　C26The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.  Therefore, the objective of a fair value measurement is to determine the price that would be received for the asset or paid to transfer the liability at the measurement date, that is, an exit price. The Board [FASB] concluded that an exit price objective is appropriate because it embodies current expectations about the future inflows associated with the asset and the future outflows associated with the liability from the perspective of market participants.  The emphasis on inflows and outflows is consistent with the definitions of assets and liabilities in FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of Financial INVITATION TO COMMENT Statements. Paragraph25 of Concepts Statement 6 defines assets in terms of future economic benefits (future inflows). Paragraph 35 of Concepts Statement 6 defines liabilities in terms of future sacrifices of economic benefits(future outflows).

　　Paragraph 49 of the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements similarly defines assets and liabilities in terms of inflows and outflows of economic  benefits.  The majority of IASB members believe that a fair value measurement with an exit price objective is consistent with these definitions and is appropriate because it reflects current market-based expectations of flows of economic benefit into or out of the entity.

　　Other IASB members agree with this view, but in their view an entry price also reflects current market-based expectations of flows of economic benefit into or out of the entity.  Therefore, they suggest replacing the term ‘fair value’ with terms that are more descriptive of the measurement attribute, such as ‘current entry price’ or ‘current exit price’.

　　An entry price measurement objective would differ from the exit price objective in SFAS 157 in that it would be defined as the price that would be paid to acquire an asset or received to assume a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  Some members of the IASB are of the view that an entry price and an exit price would be the same amount in  the same market, assuming that transaction costs are excluded.  However, an entity might buy an asset or assume a liability in one market and sell that same asset or transfer that same liability (without modification or repackaging)in another market.  In such circumstances, the exit price in SFAS 157 would be likely to differ from the entry price.

　　Some fair value measurements required by IFRSs might not be consistent with an exit price measurement objective.  In particular, the IASB observes that this might be the case when fair value is required on initial recognition, such as in:

　　(a)IFRS 3, (b)IAS 17 for the initial recognition of assets and liabilities by a lessee under a finance lease, and(c)IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement for the initial recognition of some financial assets and financial liabilities.

　　In developing an exposure draft, the IASB may propose a revised definition of fair value.  If so, it will complete a standard-by-standard review of fair value measurements required in IFRSs to assess whether each standard’s intended measurement objective is consistent with the proposed definition.  If the IASB concludes that the intended measurement objective in a particular standard is inconsistent with the proposed definition of fair value, either that standard will be excluded from the scope of the exposure draft or the intended measurement objective will be restated using a term other than fair value (such as ‘current entry value’ ).  To assist in its review, the IASB would like to understand how the fair value measurement guidance in IFRSs is currently applied in practice.  It therefore requests respondents to identify those fair value measurements in IFRSs for which practice differs from the fair value measurement objective in SFAS 157.

　　Issue 2B.  Market participant view

　　SFAS 157 emphasises that a fair value measurement is a market-basedmeasurement, not an entity-specific measurement.  Therefore, a fairvalue measurement should be based on the assumptions that marketparticipants would use in pricing the asset or liability.  Furthermore, evenwhen there is limited or no observable market activity, the objective ofthe fair value measurement remains the same: to determine the price

　　that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability inan orderly transaction between market participants at the measurementdate, regardless of the entity’s intention or ability to sell the asset ortransfer the liability at that date.

　　Paragraph 10 of SFAS 157 defines market participants as buyers andsellers in the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset orliability who are:

　　(a）Independent of the reporting entity; that is, they are not related parties

　　(b）Knowledgeable, having a reasonable understanding about the asset or liability and the transaction based on all available information, including information that might be obtained through due diligence efforts that are usual and customary

　　(c）Able to transact for the asset or liability

　　(d）Willing to transact for the asset or liability; that is, they are motivated but not forced or otherwise compelled to do so.

　　In comparison, the definition of fair value in IFRSs refers to‘knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction’.Paragraphs 42-44 of IAS 40 Investment Property provide a description of this concept:

　　The definition of fair value refers to ‘knowledgeable, willing parties’.In this context, ‘knowledgeable’ means that both the willing buyer and the willing seller are reasonably informed about the nature and characteristics of the investment property, its actual and potential uses, and market conditions at the balance sheet date.  A willing buyer is motivated, but not compelled, to buy.  This buyer is neither over-eager nor determined to buy at any price.  The assumed buyer would not pay a higher price than a market comprising knowledgeable, willing buyers and sellers would require.

　　A willing seller is neither an over-eager nor a forced seller, prepared to sell at any price, nor one prepared to hold out for a price not considered reasonable in current market conditions.  The willing seller is motivated to sell the investment property at market terms for the best price obtainable.  The factual circumstances of the actual investment property owner are not a part of this consideration because the willing seller is a hypothetical owner (ega willing seller would not take into account the particular tax circumstances of the actual investment property owner).

　　The definition of fair value refers to an arm’s length transaction. Anarm’s length transaction is one between parties that do not have a particular or special relationship that makes prices of transactions uncharacteristic of market conditions.  The transaction is presumed to be between unrelated parties, each acting independently.

　　21The IASB’s preliminary view is that the market participant view is generally consistent with the concepts of a knowledgeable, willing party in an arm’s length transaction that are currently contained in IFRSs. However, in the IASB’s view, the proposed definition more clearly articulates the market-based fair value measurement objective in IFRSs.

　　會計畢業論文范文附錄2

　　公允價值計量

　　在 2006 年二月，國際會計準則委員會（IASB） 和美國財務會計標準委員會（FASB）公布了再斷言他們對美國公認會計原則（GAAP） 和國際的金融報告標準（IFRSs） 的集中承諾的一個備忘錄和對他們的發展中高級質量的被分享的目的, 公共的為全球的使用資本市場的會計準則。集中工作在備忘錄中被宣布的節目反映為使用 IFRSs ，而且在美國被登記的非美國公司為調節需要的拆遷以 IASB 、 FASB 和歐盟委員會在請教被美國證券交易管理委員會發展的 '路線圖' 的設定標準上下文。工作節目關于測量公允價值包括一個計劃。

　　FASB 最近已經發行『財務會計準則匯編』 157 號公允價值測量 （SFAS 157），在那里在備忘錄被公布了之前，工作前進得好。SFAS 157 連同為美國 GAAP 測量公允價值的架構一起建立一種公允價值的定義。IASB 關于在 IFRSs 測量公允價值辨認出對指導的需要了和為增加的集中用美國 GAAP。結果， IASB 決定為它的熟慮以 FASB 的標準作為出發點。作為它的計劃的第一個階段,IASB 在被包含在 SFAS 157 的主要的發行上正在這討論證券中出版它的初步視野。

　　IASB 計劃連同討論稿的發展在這討論證券上舉行回合-表格的會議。如果你對參加一個回合-表格的會議感興趣，請在對這邀請的你的回應指出發表評論。請注意, 因為時間安排和場地拘束,正在指出一個利息可能能夠參加的不是所有的人。

　　IASB 將會考慮反應至這邀請發表評論和在公允價值測量上發展 IFRS 的一個討論稿方面相關的回合-表格的討論。討論稿將會被明確地為 IFRSs 的申請準備.雖然SFAS 157 的食品可能被用于討論稿的預備, 但是，他們可能被重述或者改變對其他的 IFRSs 感到一致而且反映 IASB 的決定。IASB 計劃在 2008 年初之前公布一個討論稿。

　　在 2005 年十一月，IASB 為評論一個討論證券公布, 測量基礎為財務會計 - 在被加拿大會計準則委員會的全體職員寫的原始承認上的測量。雖然那證券包含了公允價值的討論, 但是，它的主要目的將討論哪些測量歸屬適合原始承認。那證券是在其他的事物之中尋求建立在金融報告中的測量架構的繼續基本概念計劃的一部份。因為不同范圍和那證券的意圖，它不在這討論證券中被討論。然而，在那討論上發表評論與公允價值的測量有關的證券在公允價值測量上和在基本概念計劃將會在 IFRS 的討論稿的發展被考慮。發行在現在的 IFRSs 中的 SFAS 157 和公允價值測量指導。

　　IFRSs 需要一些資產、負債和權益證券在一些環境中的公允價值被測量。然而，指導關于在 IFRSs 各處測量公允價值被驅散而且不總是一致。IASB 相信為是必需的所有的公允價值測量建立一個指導的根源由 IFRSs 將會兩者都單一化 IFRSs 而且改善被包含在財務報告之中的公允價值數據的質量。一種公允價值的簡潔定義和適用于所有的公允價值測量的一致的指導結合了會更清楚溝通公允價值測量的目的而且除去對成份的需要考慮指導在 IFRSs 各處傳播。

　　IASB 強調公允價值測量計劃不是在金融報告中擴張公允價值的使用的方法。然而，計劃的目的將編成法典, 澄清而且單一化存在 IFRSs 廣泛地被驅散的指導。然而, 為了要建立由 IFRSs 提供統一的指導給是必需的所有的公允價值測量的一個單本位, 修正將會需要被制造現有的指導。依照在發行更進一步地討論，修正可能改變公允價值如何在一些標準和需要如何被解釋而且應用中被測量。

　　即使指導不是一致具有公允價值測量目的，在一些 IFRSs 中，IASB（或它的前任身體）有意識地包含了測量造成被對待好像它是公允價值的一個測量的指導。舉例來說，段落 IFRS 3 企業聯合的 B16 提供對公允價值測量目的感到不一致的指導，因為項目在一個企業聯合，像是稅資產中獲得,為定義利益計劃征負債稅而且用網捕雇員利益資產或負債。此外，一些 IFRSs 包含測量可靠性標準。只有當如果公允價值能靠地被測量，舉例來說，信息家電 16 特性、工廠和設備允許要用的再估價模型。  這一個計劃將不改變任何的那指導。然而, 指導將會是計劃的考慮過計劃。然而， IASB 計劃使用公允價值測量計畫建立指導哪里現在有沒有人, 像是在信息家電 17 租賃, 連同除去不清楚地以關節連接一個測量目的不一致的指導。

　　因為 SFAS 157 建立一個指導的根源和能被適用于所有的公允價值測量的一個目的， IASB 已經到達 SFAS 157 是在 IFRSs 的不同指導方面的一個改良的.初步的視野。然而，當做在下面更詳細地討論， IASB 在 SFAS 157 的所有食品上還沒有到達預備的視野。差額在 SFAS 157 的公允價值的定義之間和在 IFRSs

　　SFAS 157 的第 5 段定義公允價值當做 '會被收到銷售一個財產的價格或者支付在測量日期在市場叁加者之間的一個有秩序的交易事項中轉移一個責任。公允價值通常在 IFRSs 被定義當做 '合計為哪一個財產可能被交換, 或一個責任付清, 在一個正常交易的聰明又樂意的政黨之間'.在 SFAS 157 的定義在三個重要的方法中IFRSs 上不同于定義:

　�。╝）在 SFAS 157 的定義明確地是出口 （賣盤） 價格。在 IFRSs 的 Thedefinition 是既不明確地出口價格也不記錄 （買盤） 價格。

　�。╞）在 SFAS 157 的定義明確地提到銷售參加者。在 IFRSs 的定義在一個正常交易中提及聰明又樂意的政黨。

　�。╟）對于負債,責任被轉移的在概念上的 SFAS 157 決算期的公允價值的定義 （對 counterparty 責任繼續；它不與 counterparty 一起付清）。在 IFRSs 的定義提及合計在哪一個責任可能在一個正常交易中被付清。這些差額更詳細地被討論。

　　對于 SFAS 157 的結論的基價包括下列的討論:

　　C26 交易事項銷售財產或者轉移責任在測量日期是一個假設的交易事項, 從持平財產，或者虧欠責任的市場參加者的觀點考慮。因此，公允價值測量的目的將決定會為財產被收到的價格或者支付也就是說在測量日期轉移責任出口價格。 委員會 [FASB] 總結因為它具體表達與從市場叁加者的觀點與責任有關的財產和將來的流出有關的關于將來的流入現在的期待，一個出口價格目的是適當的。在流入和流出上的強調是一致的具有 FASB 概念聲明 6 號的資產與負債的定義, 金融邀請的元素發表評論聲明。概念聲明 6 的第 25 段根據將來的經濟效益 （未來流入） 定義資產。 概念聲明 6 的第 35 段根據經濟效益（未來流出） 的將來犧牲定義負債。

　　IASB 預備和財務報表的提示的架構的第 49 段同樣地根據經濟效益的流入和流出定義資產與負債。因為它反映經濟效益的流轉的現在位于市場期待進入，所以大多數的 IASB 成員相信一個公允價值測量用一個出口價格目的是一致的具有這些定義而且是適當的或從個體。

　　其他的 IASB 成員同意這視野，但是在他們的視野中一個入帳價格也反映經濟效益的流轉的現在位于市場期待進入或從個體。因此, 他們建議用測量歸屬更描述的條件更換期‘公允價值'，像是日常記錄定價格或現在的出口價格。

　　一個入帳價格測量目的會在它會被定義為會被支付獲得一個財產或者收到在測量日期在市場叁加者之間的一個有秩序的交易事項中承擔一個責任的價格中在 SFAS 157 上不同于出口價格目的。IASB 的一些成員是有視野的一個入帳價格和出口價格會在相同的市場中是相同的合計, 傲慢的那交易事項費用被排除。然而，一個個體可能在一個市場中購買一個財產或者承擔一個責任而且銷售那個相同的財產或者在另外的一個市場中轉移那個相同的責任 （沒有修改的或再包裝）。在如此的環境中，在 SFAS 157 的出口價格會可能不同于入帳價格。

　　一些公允價值測量必需的由 IFRSs 可能不對一個出口價格測量目的感到一致。  尤其，IASB 觀察當公允價值在原始承認上被需要的時候，這可能是情形，像是在:

　�。╝）IFRS 3

　�。╞）信息家電 17 為在一個融資租賃下面的一個承租人的資產與負債的原始承認, 和

　　（c）信息家電 39 金融證券: 為一些財務資產和金融負債的原始承認的承認和測量。

　　在發展一個討論稿方面，IASB 可能提出一種公允價值的修正后定義。如果如此，它將會完成一個標準-在-之前公允價值測量的標準評論必需的在 IFRSs 估定每個標準的有意測量目的是否是一致的具有被提議的定義。如果 IASB 總結一個特別的標準的有意的測量目的是不一致的具有公允價值的被提議定義，或標準將會被排除在討論稿的范圍之外或者有意的測量目的將會使用公允價值之外的一個期被重新敘述.（像是“日常記錄價值”） 為了要協助它的評論，IASB 想要了解在 IFRSs 的公允價值測量指導如何現在在實務中被應用。它因此請求被告在 IFRSs 識別那些公允價值測量為哪一個實務在 SFAS 157 上不同于公允價值測量目的。

　　問題2B：市場參加者視野

　　SFAS 157 強調一個公允價值測量是市場基礎測量而不是一個個體-特有的測量。  因此,公允價值測量應該基于市場參與者會在訂定財產或責任的價格方面使用的假設被建立。此外，那里的任何時候是有限公司或者沒有觀察得出的市場活動，客觀的公允價值測量保持相同: 決定價格。那會被收到銷售一個財產或者被支付在測量日轉移責任在市場參加者之間的有秩序的交易事項,不管個體的意圖或者能力在那日期銷售財產或轉移責任。

　　SFAS 157 的第 10 段為財產在主要的 （或者大部分有利的） 市場中定義市場參加者作為買主誰是:

　�。╝）不依賴報告個體；

　�。╞）聰明的, 有關于財產的合理理解或責任和交易事項基于所有的可得數據, 包括可能被獲得過平常和習慣的適當的勤奮努力的數據。

　　（c）能夠為財產或責任辦理。

　　（d）樂意的為財產或責任辦理; 那是, 他們被給與動機但是不強迫或者強迫這么做。

　　在比較中，在 IFRSs 的公允價值的定義提到樂意的政黨在一個正常交易中。信息家電 40 投資特性的第 42 段 44 提供這一個概念的描述：

　　種公允價值的定義提及 '聰明又樂意的政黨'。在這上下文，‘聰明的'意謂樂意的買主和樂意的賣主是被適度告知的自然，而且投資特性，它的真實又潛在使用和市場的特性在結帳日為條件。一個樂意的買主被給與動機，但是不強迫，購買。這一個買主是既非在-之上熱心的也不決定以任何的價格購買。假裝的買主不超過組成聰明又樂意的買主的一個市場支付較高的價格，而且賣主會需要。

　　一個樂意的賣主是既非一在-之上熱心的也不一個被迫的賣主,準備以任何的價格銷售, 也不一準備為不在現在的市場情況被視為合理的價格維持。樂意的賣主被給與動機以最佳價格在市場用語銷售投資特性可獲得的。因為樂意的賣主是一個假設的所有者，所以真實投資業主的事實環境不是一個這考量的部份。

　　公允價值的定義提及一個正常交易。交易事項在沒有一個特別的政黨或者特別的市場使價格交易事項不特性情況的關系之間是一。交易事項被假定在無關的政黨之間, 每個獨立地行動。

　　IASB 的初步視野是市場參加者視野對一個現在被包含在 IFRSs 的正常交易的聰明又樂意政黨的概念感到通常一致。然而，在 IASB 的視野中，被提議的定義更清楚在 IFRSs 以關節連接位于市場的公允價值測量目的。

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