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      1. ŷQ䱾|(zh)c

        r(sh)g2024-10-12 20:59:35 ܌W(xu)I(y)Փ ҪͶ
        • P(gun)]

        ŷQ䱾|(zh)c

        (ni)ҪŷQһijNȫQһ̷@ǸŷQҪc(din)ҲǸŷQоҪyڡ@һc(din)ʹŷQʬF(xin)(ni)ڸŷQ(ni)Z(y)xĻA(ch)ϣʽͨ^(gu)(gu)絽(ni)缯ӳl(f)F(xin)ŷQDZ_(d)(ni)ľӣʾ˸ŷQı|(zh)ʹP(gun)ڸŷQһЩF(xin)õĽ@(g)l(f)F(xin)ijهڸǿ絽(ni)ӳ䡢ă(ni)Ǹd~xȫwŷQе^c(din)ij@Щ^c(din)cF(xin)иՓČ(du)M(jn)ˏ׌|(zh)_(ki)ʼķͿP(gun)ڸߗl|(zh)ھwf(shu)Z(y)J(rn)R(sh)P(gun)ϵĻA(ch)(du)^c(din)M(jn)ՓC@փ(ni)ݘ(gu)µĸՓ

        ӢժҪGeneric sentences appear to have universal quantifications. They, nevertheless, tolerate exceptions.This is the main feature of generics and also the most puzzling problem to be solved in the researches about them.This feature indicates that generics express something involving intensionality.Based on intensional semantics, this paper uses a formal method to reveal that generic sentences express the intensions of concepts, and shows that what generics are about.Thus, some puzzling phenomena around generics are explained with satisfaction.This discovery relies on several assumptions:Concepts are functions mapping from a set of possible worlds to the power set of a set of intensions;the intension of a concept is the set of all generic consequences derived from the sense of the term that expresses the concept;etc.However,these assumptions are not in accord with the traditional views.To make the results presented here more conclusive, the fundamental properties from the bottom line of the concepts are discussed and analyzed.They are summarized to be seven basic properties of concepts.The positions proposed in this paper are argued for and enforced by exploring the relation between concept and language, as well as the relation between concept and knowledge.These arguments consist of a new theory of concept.

        P(gun)I~ŷQ//(ni)/x generic sentence/concept/intension/sense

        ŷQ䣨עŷQ䡱ߌ(du)generic sentenceķg@״ʽڇ(gu)(ni)īI(xin)ʹ@һg(generic sentence)҂?ni)ճ˼S鳣õһNP(gun)ڸŷQоʼo(j)70Ŀǰ˶NՓʽ̎δγɽy(tng)һ͹J(rn)Փ̎ڳAŷQоڷdž{(dio)˹ԼZ(y)ԌW(xu)оȶ෽涼ҪxĵоڸŷQėl߉݋ģB(ti)߉݋о@(g)о҂l(f)F(xin)ŷQ漰͸ă(ni)ˌ(du)ŷQ䱾|(zh)J(rn)R(sh)漰Փ˶໥Ց(yng)P(gun)ϵڸŷQZ(y)xĻA(ch)[1]ʽČ(du)ŷQ͸M(jn)˷ڃɂ(g)涼µ^c(din)Փ

        һP(gun)ڸŷQf(shu)

        ŷQַQָǡB(nio)(hu)wRSC@ŷQвͬķNcP(gun)ĸŷQǡB(nio)(hu)w(Birds fly)@ŷQ@ŷQľӵZ(y)ԽY(ji)(gu)ϿЃɂ(g)c(din)(1)F(xin)^Y(ji)(gu)硰B(nio)(hu)wB(nio)(xing)Z(y)ӛS(hu)w^(xing)^Z(y)ӛP@NŷQͨӛSP(2)(xing)SǏ(f)(sh)ͨͨ߉݋̿ƕg(sh)Z(y)Sǡձ~(xing)ձ@NŷQ҂õĸŷQ䡣

        ŷQһijNxϵȫQһ̷ŷQ䡰˼SС˶˼S˼ͬr(sh)ֲ(hu)?yn)Щ˲˼Sʹ˼S٣˼ScЩ˲˼Sì@ǸŷQҪc(din)ҲоҪy(du)˸NоP(gun)ڸŷQxⷽIJͬ^c(din)ʽ̮ȷIJͬ̎ڿY(ji)оĻA(ch)҂µ^c(din)ͷoһ(g)P(gun)ڸŷQZ(y)x[1]@(g)Žׂ(g)Ҫc(din)

        1.^Y(ji)(gu)ĸŷQSPԱ_顰SrPSǏ(f)(sh)~ֿM(jn)һ_顰SrP҂@ӵʽQŷQĵ䷶ʽ@һʽЃɌȫQӵȫQ(du)^(xing)(g)w(ni)ӵĸ(du)ij(g)(g)wh(hun)ԡB(nio)(hu)w(hu)wIJB(nio)ӵȫQ~ȥB(nio)ڲh(hun)(hu)wĬF(xin)Ƀ(ni)ӵȫQ~ųB(nio)(hu)w(yng)ԓrB(nio)(hu)w(yn)f(shu)(du)Ă(g)wxxB(nio)ôxr•(hu)w

        2.@F(xin)˃ɂ(g)ġքeǃɂ(g)ͬģB(ti)rġġǶԪ}ڗl߉݋б^о؄eڳR(sh)оЌ(du)@һӵĸ[2]ʹ҂ֱнY(ji)(xing)ġġ^~ӣ^~׃?c)ĺ?sh)·Q(sh)ʲôS@(g)(sh)ԓζxǽŷQZ(y)xP(gun)I

        3.״ζx(sh)һ(g)Ԫ(sh)ڌ(li)ʽУăɂ(g)׃ĿքeQ(xing)(ni)^(xing)(ni)ֱ^ؿԓ(sh)^(xing)x(li)Q(xing)硰B(nio)˼ɴڸx(g)wڶ(g)׃Ŀo(sh)x(g)wṩһ(g)c^(xing)xP(gun)xȡ(sh)@wF(xin)(xing)(du)

        4.(du)xȡ(g)w(sh)Ѓ(xing)һx(li)(xing)ă(ni)(xing)ă(ni)(du)ă(ni)ڡB(nio)(hu)wԓƵ˼B(nio)ǡB(nio)ڶc^(xing)(ni)P(gun)xȡ(sh)ͬ^(xing)Ŀ϶ͷ񶨟o(w)P(gun)(du)ă(ni)߀áB(nio)(hu)w@һl˼ǣ҂(du)B(nio)͕(hu)wԼ(du)B(nio)Ͳ(hu)wx(g)wͬM@һƗl(sh)˰ѡ(du)w(li)f(shu)B(nio)x顰(hu)wB(nio)ġ@һNѭh(hun)xɡ

        (j)Ҫc(din)ŷQSPֱ^˼ǣ(du)Ă(g)wxx(du)PP(li)f(shu)SôrxPoP(gun)ڸŷQʽZ(y)ԺʽZ(y)xҪ@(g)˼(yn)ر_(d)(li)

        ŷQʽZ(y)x

        ŷQʽZ(y)ԿһAZ(y)ԻA(ch)ϔU(ku)õ

        һAZ(y) пɔ(sh)o(w)F(g)׃?c)?ho)(xing)̖(ho)ԼһԪ^~̖(ho)ע麆(jin)Ҋ(jin)ֻӑՓһԪ^~ĸŷQ䣬@ֻһԪ^~̖(ho)@̖(ho)ļϷքeӛVar,C,Pred}(xing)̖(ho)“(lin)Y(ji)~~̖(ho)е(xing)͹ʽx糣йʽļӛFZ(y)̖(ho)x,y,zȱʾ׃?c)?ho)cʾij(xing)̖(ho)tʾ(xing)P,Qȱʾ^~̖(ho)õȱʾĹʽZ(y)̖(ho)ɼ˜(bio)Ϙ(bio)x̖(ho)С

        D

        D

        D

        ҂oP(gun)ڸŷQʽZ(y)x(du)ģһ(g)ŷQеһ϶д_ֵ@(g)A(ch)ϿM(jn)P(gun)ڸŷQо҂^m(x)P(gun)ڸŷQķ(li)ӑՓP(gun)(wn)}

        ŷQ䱾|(zh)

        Ҫf(shu)Ϲ(ji)҂ϵõļеԪطQ顰(ni)@ֻʹ@(wn)}ӑՓеͨg(sh)Z(y)҂?c)Մ(w)r(sh)f(shu)ġЃ(ni)ӡ@(g)xµă(ni)҂һ(g)ܿ(d)ڵĿ^߀](mi)к҂Z(y)ԣJ(rn)R(sh)a(chn)P(gun)ϵôһ(g)еԪֻһ(g)ָ򣨻ָɣԓָ?q)ÿ(g)ָһ(g)DӼֻЮ(dng)҂WD(g)wңһ(g)Z(y)Ա_(d)ʽͨZ(y)~xԓָxԓZ(y)Ա_(d)ʽc@(g)ָ“(lin)ϵ@ڽY(ji)(gu)ģ͌ӴβеĖ|ô@r(sh)@(g)ָųԓ_(d)ʽĺx@(g)ָ_Ė|ԓ_(d)ʽָQͨ^c(din)ă(ni)Qӣ~(xing)ĺxQָQ˂Ѹă(ni)~(xing)ĺxɏĿ絽ӵĺ(sh)缯(g)wă缯ӳ䣩@(g)еԪرQ顰(ni)(sh)Ho(w)Փ(ni)߀ǺxǺZ(y)P(gun)Ė|](mi)Z(y)ȻҲͲʲô(ni)x

        ߀Ѓc(din)Ҫf(shu)(1)ʹcZ(y)P(gun)Ҳֻͨ^(gu)Z(y)Եõָͨ^(gu)Z(y)Եı҂Դ_ָQָһ(g)Z(y)~кxͨ^(gu)ʽֵָʾОõָ(gu)(yng)Z(y)Ա_(d)ʽĺxҊ(jin)¹(ji)(3)(2)(ni)ӡԼZ(y)~~(xing)xָ͡Qǃɂ(g)ͬϵеg(sh)Z(y)Ҫڡ(ni)ԼZ(y)~~(xing)xϣкܴą^(q)e(du)ĿǰӑՓĆ(wn)}(li)f(shu)҂õČ(sh)HǺһϵеg(sh)Z(y)?yn)Z(y)~亭xZ(y)ԌĖ|(ni)˼Ė|cJ(rn)֪wP(gun)Z(y)~ĺxһ(li)f(shu)Z(y)ԵʹZ(y)Եʹ֮ǰͱҎ(gu)Ҳʹ߂횹ͬصйԺijN^(ni)J(rn)֪wijN˼cJ(rn)֪J(rn)֪О^P(gun)ϵһ^҂ͨ^(gu)xՁ(li)γɸģ˸(ni)Z(y)~ĺxҪ(f)s@(g)(wn)}¹(ji)ӑՓҊ(jin)¹(ji)(2)Ϲ(ji)҂oZ(y)ԵĽጣֻZ(y)~xҎ(gu)Լɴ˵õʽֵ漰Z(y)Եʹ漰Z(y)ʹߵ˼

        ҂?c)һ_(ki)ʼָŷQҪc(din)̷(du)ˣ҂ĻĻ^c(din)ԳF(xin)@NF(xin)?yn)҂?du)ŷQ~(xing)c䌍(sh)Hָ(yng)ӻָQһ£@(g)һ҂ƫ˺xȡ˃(ni)Ե^c(din)ŗӵ^c(din)磬(du)˼S@һӁ(li)f(shu)ˡӲڡ˼Sˣӵ^c(din)ÿ(g)˶˼SԮ(dng)҂f(shu)˶˼Sr(sh)҂ҲJ(rn)@ǂ(g)ӡһ҂?ni)Ȼܡ˼SҲJ(rn)@ɂ(g)ìܵ@f(shu)҂c^c(din)ͬxx˼S@(g)ӵģ@(g)ͬxֻǺxĻ(ni)ϵx

        (j)@(g)ijl(f)c(din)҂oϸŷQZ(y)xP(gun)I~(xing)(xing)^(xing)x(j)f(shu)@(yng)ԓǡxǡ(ni)@(g)Ѓɂ(g)棺Z(y)η棬˦ˣ_(d)ʽZ(y)xڌ(du)ϣˡ(ni)еӳ䣩ν˦ˣ_(d)ʽ(ni)“(lin)ϵÿ(g)ˣ_(d)ʽጞһ(g)еӳ䡣@(g)һ(g)ˣ_(d)ʽĽ磬һ(g)ӳ(du)ÿ(g)_һ(g)(g)wஔ(dng)ij(g)һԪ^~@(g)еָQ@飬˦֦һ(g)P(gun)|(zh)ı(du)ÿ(g)x@(g)|(zh)Щ(g)w@(g)Ƕȿһ(g)ɦ׃Ŀx_һԪ^~ĺxͨ^(gu)@ӵkŷQֵõĽ؄e}2.1ʾ˸ŷQ}P(gun)(xing)x^(xing)xĺ(sh)@ʹ҂(du)ŷQJ(rn)R(sh)ǰM(jn)Ҫһ@(g)(du)ڸŷQĽጿԷQ麭xĽጡ

        (j)xĽ҂ѽ(jng)õ˸ŷQֵ@(g)߀͸Ѓɂ(g)(wn)}(1)(xing)x^(xing)x֮gʲô“(lin)ϵ(2)҂?yu)ʲô?hu)ƫxԭʲô

        P(gun)(2)Ŀ҂֪˶˼SԲŗ˼S?yn)?du)@(li)f(shu)J(rn)R(sh)ϡ˼SиҪxf(shu)˼SDZ҂J(rn)R(sh)˵Ҫѽ(jng)(gu)҂ġˡ@(g)һ@(g)һ(xing)Ҫ(ni)ˣһ҂Ը҂ĸϵҪ҂ƫڌ(du)ˡ@(g)(do)ڸŷQxr(sh)ă(ni)ԃA@(g)ƫУȫ~(xing)xĆ(wn)}߀҂˼뷽cP(gun)

        @(g)_ģP(gun)ڸŷQʽZ(y)xҲǺmô@(g)ʽZ(y)xĻA(ch)҂ϣҲ(yng)ԓM(jn)һowF(xin)ŷQcP(gun)ʽ̮¶x}nj(du)@(g)(wn)}ĽQ

        D

        (j)@(g)Y(ji)ԿŷQ_(d)Ė||(zh)Ǹ(xing)c(ni)^(xing)P(gun)ϵ(jin)εf(shu)ŷQDZ_(d)(ni)ľ@(g)Y(ji)صf(shu)˸ŷQ(xing)x^(xing)xP(gun)ϵشˆ(wn)}(1)

        ŷQ@(g)|(zh)_ʹ҂(du)ŷQxµ⣺ŷQ_SԼfͽܸȷҪ҂M(jn)@Щ˼Sͽ(dng)ĻZ(y)ʽ]S(wn)}(du)ڸŷQ䡰оSC(li)f(shu)҂ġĸSСоSC@һ(ni)ô҂Ȼ(hu)J(rn)顰оSCһ(g)҂ġĸ߀Sͨ^(gu)ܸŷQ䡰оSCJ(rn)ԓһ(g)҂ġĸӡоSC@һ(ni)ʹ҂ġĸõSrƏVõ_ԿɃ(ni)_(ki)ʼSĂfܣֿɿSĻʽ

        ҂һՄŷQ̷c(din)F(xin)ڸ(j)(*)oġ(ni)͡ӡԸؽ@(g)c(din)(dng)҂f(shu)˼Sr(sh)f(shu)ֻǡ˼S˵ĸһ(g)(ni)@(du)С˼SČ@(j)(du)˼S(li)f(shu)r˼S(li)_ǏϿ@Ȼб҂Q顰ˡЩ(du)(du)˼S(li)f(shu)ˣҲ̎r(du)@Щˁ(li)f(shu)Ȼ˼S˲˼S挦(du)@Nrľӡ(jin)εf(shu)˼Sеġˡ_(d)˲˼Sеġˡ߮(dng)Ȼì

        P(gun)ڸŷQⷽ(*)f(shu)һЩF(xin)c҂ֱ^ϡF(xin)ڵĆ(wn)}@(g)ڸķǷ

        (*)˃ɂ(g)Ҫ^c(din)ٸă(ni)džһӳһ(g)ӳ伯еӳ䱾Ǻx@(g)ӳ伯ҲǺx҂ͨf(shu)ġă(ni)ָđ(yng)ԓ@(g)ϣеһxԷQһ(g)(ni)҂ǰ@ɂ(g)ͬӴʹáă(ni)@һg(sh)Z(y)ġڸǏĿ絽xă缯ӳ?yn)һ(g)xԿһ(g)ă(ni)@(g)^c(din)ҲԺ(jin)αǏĿ絽(ni)ӳ䡣

        @ӵP(gun)ڸ(ni)͸f(shu)Ƿ҂P(gun)ֱ^Ҳf(shu)(sh)HҪشֱ^ϣʲôǸʲôǸă(ni)Z(y)~xc̓(ni)ʲôP(gun)ϵ

        (ni)cx

        (j)ͨĿǷӳЌԣЌԻ|(zh)ԣ˼SΑB(ti)Ѓ(ni)Ӄɂ(g)ă(ni)ǸӳЌǾиӳЌԵ[3](P1822)Ƿӳ(du)|(zh)Ե˼Sʽă(ni)ǷӳڸеČ(du)ı|(zh)ԡǾиӳı|(zh)ԵČ(du)[4](P1820)@Ŀǰ(gu)(ni)ɂ(g)дԵf(shu)N汾ıcơҲՄ˸Z(y)~P(gun)ϵҪZ(y)~(li)_(d)](mi)x_(ki)Z(y)~ĸZ(y)~ǸZ(y)ʽZ(y)~˼(ni)[3](P20-22)[4](P19-20)P(gun)ڸĂy(tng)ՓcP(gun)߀и׸ĺxQָQ^c(din)ԼڿZ(y)xa(chn)ă(ni)ǿ絽ӵӳ^c(din)@Щ(ni)ݘ(gu)ĿǰP(gun)ڸՓ

        ĬF(xin)еĸՓ(*)c˲ǺҪF(xin)ڽ(*)ăɂ(g)^c(din)(du)^c(din)Ʋ_(ki)(ni)ıʲônjԵķӳ߀Ǻx҂üg(sh)g(sh)Z(y)у(ni)ijNӳ䣬ô(ni)džһӳ䣬߀ӳļ(*)y(tng)ՓmȻ](mi)_@(g)(wn)}(sh)HĬJ(rn)ǰߡ(du)^c(din)(*)(du)(ni)Լx_Ľ綨ČӴθͬy(tng)Փ(du)̓(ni)](mi)Ї(yn)^(q)eMܸ(j)y(tng)ՓǷ|(zh)Եķӳ(ni)ӳı|(zh)ԣ(yng)ԓЅ^(q)e?yn)顰|(zh)Եķӳ͡ӳı|(zh)ԡĽ羀ʮԸ̓(ni)(jng)ͬټ~(xing)xָQ(li)@ǰц(wn)}ƵZ(y)ʹ(wn)}_ӑՓҲͨ^J(rn)R(sh)ՓZ(y)܌W(xu)D(zhun)Č(sh)|(zh)һЩطʹø(ni)xP(gun)ϵyJ(rn)飬~(xing)Ѓ(ni)Qxָ~(xing)ă(ni)ԓ~(xing)_(d)ĸ[5](P276)?yn)̓?ni)Ļͬٸ(j)(ni)ǿ絽ӵӳ^c(din)ǸҲͳ˿絽ӵӳ

        @(g)Ǻԭֻ¶֮һ(1)(*)(j)ʽZ(y)xļg(sh)ϵĽY(ji)P(gun)ڸŒ(sh)(2)F(xin)еĸՓ@(g)Փ](mi)зӳP(gun)ڸŒ(sh)J(rn)Ǻһrˣ҂회(du)µĿͷ

        ֦(ji)(zhng)h҂P(gun)ڸ⽵͵޶|(zh)˼ԵĖ|һ(g)һ(g)˼@һc(din)dzһ(g)|B@ӵ˼붼ǣǸ@(g)A(ch)l(f)ٿ]|(zh)_P(gun)ڸĸ

        (0)һ(g)һ(g)˼@(g)˼»|(zh)

        (1)һZ(y)Ա_(d)ʽͨZ(y)~~Md_(d)

        ڸZ(y)~P(gun)ϵϣϛ](mi)зһ㶼J(rn)Z(y)~˼(ni)Z(y)~ǸZ(y)ʽdwdZ(y)~ԺQijd~ÿ(g)Լijd~ڛ](mi)гd~ĸеZ(y)~dͬһ(g)вͬijd~ͬһ(g)Z(y)~Ҳ鲻ͬijd~

        (2)cd~ĺxDzͬӴεĖ|

        Z(y)~ԼZ(y)κZ(y)xɂ(g)档Z(y)ηָZ(y)~ķ̖(ho)ּ(yng)Z(y)MϷtZ(y)xָZ(y)~x(meaning)@(g)xЃɷx(sense)ָQ(reference)Z(y)~ָQZ(y)~_(d)Č(du)Z(y)~ĺxǿP(gun)@(g)Z(y)~ĽԶZ(y)ȱ_(d)Ė|ͨ^(gu)xգ҂Դ_Z(y)~ָQxԱ絽ָQӳԼںxָQP(gun)ϵγ˺xQָQ^c(din)

        Z(y)~_(d)Z(y)~кx@ʹ׌cxڸ̓(ni)r£߀׌(ni)x߻@؄eҪ(qing){(dio)Ǹͬںx˼룬Z(y)~ĺxZ(y)ԌӴϵҎ(gu)M@(g)Ҏ(gu)ȫÓxZ(y)ʹߵ˼ʹߵ˼Юa(chn)Ҳʹߵ˼в܌(sh)F(xin)@(g)xf(shu)xҲijN˼룬ͺxDzͬĖ|xZ(y)е˼Z(y)ʹߵ˼ͨ^(gu)պxγɵ˼룬˸DZȺxAĖ|

        (3)ָ

        @(g)ָָǸ@N˼뵽䌦(du)ָͨ^(gu)@(g)ָһ(g)҂˼SдһČ(du)ʹ҂Ԍ(du)@(g)һČ(du)M(jn)˼

        гd~ָǽڳd~(sh)F(xin)ġ@(g)(sh)F(xin)ЃɷNʽf(shu)ЃɷNָͬ򣺢ͨ^(gu)ָОָָˮһЩ|f(shu)@~ǣP(gun)~˼루ӳͽڡ~@(g)Z(y)~ͨ^(gu)ָОָ@һЩ(du)ͨ^(gu)Z(y)Եʹcһ(du)“(lin)ϵĶγɵָ@ġZ(y)Եʹáɂ(g)Z(y)ԵZ(y)Z(y)x档ˡĸͨ^(gu)ʹùߵĄ(dng)_(d)ĺxָ(yng)Č(du)@(g)ָγɣ漰족ʹáߡ(dng)Z(y)~߀漰Z(y)MϺZ(y)xMϡ

        ǰNָԺQОָNָQZ(y)ָОָԭָZ(y)ָОָĻA(ch)γɵZ(y)ָиҪx?yn)Z(y)ָ򣬲ʹ҂ؿهֱӵָОֻͨ^(gu)Z(y)ԵʹͿԴ_(du)_(d)˼M(jn)˼ͽֻ@ʹZ(y)ɞ˼SͽĹ

        @ɷNָͬԵĸԺҲքeQОָZ(y)ָ҂ͨf(shu)ĸָZ(y)ָ(du)ǰ߁(li)f(shu)҂J(rn)ǸO(sh)Aһ(g)Z(y)~2ȣ{(ln)ģһ(g)҂ֻͨ^(gu)ijN(du)2{(ln)ģָʾf(shu)@Aô҂һ㲻(hu)J(rn)Aĸ?yn)҂](mi)һ(g)Z(y)Ա_(d)ʽͨ^(gu)_(d)ĺx҂܌Aͣ2ȣ{(ln)ģ“(lin)ϵǏĸĻ|(zh)(yng)ԓ@˼ҲһNf(shu)ġ

        (4)Ѓ(ni)Ӄɂ(g)

        ͨ^(gu)ָԵõČ(du)Ǹɳd~_(d)@(g)(du)Ҳɳd~_(d)Ӿd~ָQ

        ǾָԵ˼һ(g)ͨ^(gu)Z(y)Ա_(d)ʽĺxγָô@Щxȫwϣ@(g)ă(ni)(ni)ǿZ(y)Ա_(d)˼tֻОָo(w)Z(y)Ա_(d)Aϣ2{(ln)ģָ҂ȻJ(rn)Aʲô(ni)ֻZ(y)ָЃ(ni)(du)@(li)f(shu)_ă(ni)Ҳ_ָ(j)˸ӵõ_@(g)xă(ni)Q

        (ni)nj(du)ı|(zh)Եķӳ߀ЌԵķӳڂy(tng)Փ@һ(g)Р(zhng)hĆ(wn)}ĬF(xin)ڵ^c(din)ȲǰҲǺ@Щӳļ(dng)Ȼ@ЩxJ(rn)R(sh)Y(ji)еĺxĵõ(li)֮ҪҲ׌c(yng)ă(ni)ͬ

        Z(y)ָõ?yn)Z(y)ָͨ^(gu)һ(sh)F(xin)Y(ji)Ƿ@(g)Č(du)͘(gu)(yng)@ӵֻ

        y(tng)^c(din)g(sh)Z(y)һ(g)һ(du)ô@(g)ע@ġһ(du)ָǶ(g)Ԫص(du)dž΂(g)Ԫصġ~_(d)ĸͨһ(g)|(zh)ô|(zh)?q)Ըǰļg(sh)̎Ŀǰ҂ֻӑՓ(g)w͂(g)w|(zh)

        Ѓɂ(g)rҪf(shu)(1)ͨ^(gu)(ni)õǂ(g)ô@ӵ˼Ѓ(ni)o(w)@ǂy(tng)ՓеĿո̓(2)(ni)ǂ(g)ռОָă(ni)ôڰ0ҲȻ(sh)@ӵ˼ԷQ

        һ(g)o(w)ՓǷЃ(ni)ǷЃ(ni)Ӄɂ(g)档@^Ѓ(ni)(yng)ĺxգӡ(yng)

        (5)cJ(rn)֪wP(gun)

        ˼뿂һ˼wJ(rn)֪w˼@(g)J(rn)֪wһ(g)һ(g)Ⱥw߀˹J(rn)֪wJ(rn)֪wcij(g)Փ(du)(yng)J(rn)֪w电(sh)W(xu)Փ(du)(yng)J(rn)֪wɔ(sh)W(xu)ȺwγɵJ(rn)֪w?yn)cJ(rn)֪wP(gun)Ը@N˼c(din)

        ٌ(du)ھwJ(rn)֪w(li)f(shu)(hu)ܵ෽صӰ푡֪R(sh)Z(y)Եˮƽ?x)ܵNصӰ؄eJ(rn)֪˼׃ġl(f)չF(xin)ă(ni)Įa(chn)S磬ij(g)xŒ(sh)ϑ(yng)ԓɞһ(g)ă(ni)J(rn)R(sh)ľԣij(g)r(sh)ڣ߀@(g)ă(ni)(li)SJ(rn)R(sh)İl(f)չųɞ@(g)һ(g)(ni)һ(g)xDzij(g)ă(ni)ͨ^(gu)҂J(rn)R(sh)_ġ^(gu)(li)һ(g)?yn)ͨ^(gu)J(rn)R(sh)õă(ni)Ҳͳ҂ǰJ(rn)R(sh)ĽY(ji)

        ?yn)J(rn)֪wӰͬJ(rn)֪wԌ(du)ͬһd~γɲͬĸͬںxijN^(g)w(g)ˣ

        ی(du)ÿ(g)J(rn)֪w(li)f(shu)֪R(sh)@(g)wһN֪R(sh)һ(g)J(rn)֪wһ(g)һ(g)҂Q˼ôҲջP(gun)(yng)(du)һ֪R(sh)

        (6)d~xă(ni)ڴ˻A(ch)γ@(g)˼ă(ni)S(ni)

        wJ(rn)֪wĸ(li)f(shu)ă(ni)Įa(chn)cγһ(g)J(rn)R(sh)^(gu)ijd~@(g)^(gu)̵c(din)һ(g)ͨ^(gu)Z(y)ָ_ӵôγ@(g)ָijd~ĺxȻɞ@(g)ă(ni)@(g)xf(shu)Ҳă(ni)磬(j)ֵĽǡһNԪyɫ|(zh)ܛpԪƺϽ@Щጱ_(d)Ė|ǡ䇡ĺx҂?c)?li)֪ôF(xin)ͨ^(gu)@Щĺx䇵ĸ@Щx@(g)(ni)҂߀ͨ^(gu)M(jn)һČW(xu)(x)J(rn)R(sh)S䇵ĸă(ni)䇵ԭӔ(sh)3DZȟĽٵȵ

        γҲ_(ki)ʼO(sh)˂ֻһЩ̖(ho)Z(y)ͨ^(gu)Оָ(jin)ε(dng)Լ˼cһЩ(du)“(lin)ϵ硰~B(nio)ȡ@r(sh)P(gun)@Щ(du)˼](mi)Ã(ni)(li)SJ(rn)R(sh)İl(f)չõ(du)~һЩJ(rn)R(sh)Z(y)Ա_(d)ʽ̶(li)ɞԱ_(d)˼~ˮļ׵(dng)[wѪ@r(sh)˂~ĸă(ni)ͬr(sh)һЩZ(y)Ա_(d)ʽ֮gP(gun)ϵҲ@(g)Z(y)Թ̶(li)(bio)־֮һnj@(g)Z(y)Ե~ɞ@(g)Z(y)ʹߵĹͬҎ(gu)@r(sh)~ɞкxZ(y)~˽~r(sh)ֻͨ^(gu)@ЩxͿγɡ~_(d)ľָԵ˼룬õ~ĸă(ni)(du)(li)f(shu)~ĸͳZ(y)ָʾ

        (7)cP(gun)

        һ(g)һ(g)cһ(du)“(lin)ϵ˼@(g)“(lin)ϵĽ̎һĿˣcP(gun)ͬһ(g)ڲͬвͬă(ni)вͬ

        Ϗĵ(0)lһ(g)һ(g)˼롱_(ki)ʼϺ7lf(shu)ʲôǸҪŽc(din)(1)wf(shu)Z(y)Ԍ(du)á(2)ʾ˸ı|(zh)ǿ絽(ni)ӳ(3)f(shu)Z(y)~xc(ni)“(lin)ϵc^(q)e(ni)һ(g)xļij(g)һı|(zh)ԻЌԵķӳ(4)(qing){(dio)˸cJ(rn)R(sh)P(gun)ϵJ(rn)֪wĸǰl(f)չ

        ҂ʽ̎cֱ^ķφ(wn)}

        ֱ^ϸָԵ˼ʽZ(y)x̎ӳ䣬ֱ^|(zh)(0)(3)ʽZ(y)xɦˣ_(d)ʽ_(d)ˣ_(d)ʽǸijd~ֱ^|(zh)(1)@ҪһЩf(shu)ͨ҂(hu)J(rn)顰B(nio)~@ӵZ(y)~_(d)(li)Ǧˣ_(d)ʽҪɦˣ_(d)ʽô(yng)ԓǦxB(nio)(x)x~(x)cֱ^@wF(xin)ɸ׸̷_˼һ(g)һ(g)λĺ(sh)[6](P54-75)ˣ_(d)ʽеķ̖(ho)˺׃?c)xʾλֻȻZ(y)҂@ЩҪă(ni)[ȥõǸ_(d)ʡʽ(sh)Hć(yn)_(d)ǡǡ(yng)ԓǦˣ_(d)ʽ

        ʽZ(y)xУǵ(ni)ӳ(ni)ǺxļwF(xin)˸cxDzͬĖ|DZȺxAӳ䣬ֱ^|(zh)(2)߀ʽZ(y)xֱ^|(zh)(4)(6)ʽZ(y)xǏĿl(f)ӳֱ^|(zh)(7)

        ϵ@Щ棬ʽY(ji)cֱ^Ǻϵֻһc(din)cJ(rn)֪wP(gun)҂ʽZ(y)xЛ](mi)ówF(xin)

        ^cJ(rn)֪wP(gun)@ıF(xin)Ǹİl(f)չ@(g)l(f)չҪwF(xin)ڃ(ni)SϡʽZ(y)xһ(g)ă(ni)d~ȫwŷQС(du)ڽoZ(y)ԣһ(g)ģһo(du)һd~ĸŷQҲȫ_@҂?ni)@ӵJ(rn)֪wP(gun)ڸČ(sh)Hr?yn)˵J(rn)֪@һc(din)@(g)xf(shu)ԓʽY(ji)nj(du)@NwĸĿ̮һNO˵r(du)ڽoZ(y)挦(du)o磬߉݋Ͽÿ(g)ȫ(ni)^(du)(ni)@ӵĸԿڽoZ(y)Ժ͌(du)l¿ܵõĽ^(du)O޸]J(rn)֪wô@ӵĸԿȫԓoZ(y)ԲȫJ(rn)R(sh)ԓo(du)J(rn)֪wĸf(shu)ȫZ(y)ԲҾПo(w)J(rn)֪ȫJ(rn)֪wĸ@(g)xf(shu)҂?c)ʽZ(y)xп̮ĸֻȫJ(rn)֪wĸκ˶ȫJ(rn)֪wֻJ(rn)֪wM@KԓʽZ(y)xԼ(*)(du)|(zh)Ľʾ

        P(gun)ڸĎc(din)Y(ji)Փ

        һ(g)һ(g)Z(y)Եijd~_(d)ľָԵ˼롣@(g)ָԿԱʾĿ絽Z(y)~x缯ӳ

        Ѓ(ni)Ӄɂ(g)ă(ni)ӶcP(gun)һ(g)һϵă(ni)d~xԓϵиŷQ]J(rn)֪wôһ(g)һϵă(ni)d~xԓϱԓJ(rn)֪wJ(rn)J(rn)֪иŷQһ(g)һϵd~ԓϵָQă(ni)Q

        ˼SָһČ(du)ͬr(sh)ṩP(gun)ԓ(du)֪R(sh)ʹлոwԌ(du)䌦(du)P(gun)(wn)}M(jn)˼˼ϵĽ

        īI(xin)

        [1] Mao,Y.,and Zhou,B.An analysis of the meaing of generics[J].Social Sciences in China,Vol.XXIV,No.3,Autumn 2003,126-133.

        [2] ܱë.һ(g)P(gun)ڳR(sh)ĻA(ch)߉݋[J].܌W(xu)о20031-10.

        [3] .ʽ߉݋[M].1979.

        [4] Ǽ҇(gu).ͨ߉݋ӆ[M].ϺϺ1986.

        [5] ꐲ.߉݋W(xu)(do)Փ[M].Ї(gu)W(xu)磬2003.

        [6] ׸.(sh)͸[A].׸܌W(xu)x݋[M].·g.̄(w)ӡ^1994.

        ŷQ䱾|(zh)cP(gun)£

        񷨵ı|(zh)03-21

        ˇg(sh)ı|(zh)\03-05

        ı|(zh)̽ӑ03-18

        r(ji)ֵ|(zh)Ҏ(gu)03-18

        ܌W(xu)Ըc(jng)(j)Ը03-07

        ԇՓˇg(sh)ı|(zh)05-27

        I(y)|(zh)ڄ(dng)ϼs12-07

        \ՓԊ(sh)ı|(zh)03-14

        R(sh)|(zh)ĽY(ji)(gu)03-18

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