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世界銀行行長金辰勇在華盛頓大學(xué)英語演講稿
President Knapp, Dean Brown, distinguished faculty, students, and guests,
史蒂文·納普校長、布朗院長、尊敬的各位老師、同學(xué)們、各位來賓：
Thank you for hosting me here today. It is a privilege to be with you to talk about the challenges before us in the world – and how the World Bank Group is working to become as effective as possible in improving the lives of the poor and vulnerable.
感謝各位今天的接待。我很榮幸來到這里，談一談我們在世界上面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，以及世界銀行集團(tuán)如何竭盡全力有效地改善貧困和弱勢人群的生活。
When we look across the world today and think about the most pressing issues, the ongoing fiscal uncertainty in the United States greatly concerns us. Our hope is that policymakers resolve these issues soon. This uncertainty, combined with other sources of volatility in the global economy, could do great damage to emerging markets and developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that have lifted millions of people out of poverty in recent years.
今天，當(dāng)我們縱觀世界、思考最重要的議題時(shí)，圍繞美國財(cái)政形勢的不確定性讓我們非常關(guān)注。我們希望政策制訂者們能夠盡快解決這個(gè)問題。非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲的新興市場和發(fā)展中國家近年有千百萬人擺脫了貧困，但美國財(cái)政形勢的不確定性以及導(dǎo)致全球經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)的其他一些因素可能給它們帶來損害。
We also can’t help but focus on the upheaval that is taking place in the Middle East. Syria is now in its 30th month of war and the toll has been horrific. More than 100,000 people have been killed, 4 million people have been displaced and another 2 million Syrians have fled and become refugees in neighboring countries, adding great burdens to Jordan and Lebanon in particular. The fighting continues within Syria, and the impact of broken lives and broken economies only grows by the day.
我們也無法不關(guān)注中東正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)亂。敘利亞目前已進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)爭的第30個(gè)月，造成的傷亡損失令人驚懼。在戰(zhàn)亂中10多萬人被殺，400萬人流離失所，還有200萬敘利亞人逃離家園，成為鄰國的難民，尤其是給約旦和黎巴嫩帶來了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。敘利亞境內(nèi)戰(zhàn)亂還在繼續(xù)，對生活和經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的破壞日甚一日。
We should not avert our gaze from the Middle East. The World Bank Group has been playing several roles. At times, we are in the backrooms with diplomats and at others we are on the frontlines with humanitarian aid workers. Always, we are working with governments, or companies, or civil society groups to help build strong and sustainable foundations for development. This supports the livelihoods of millions of people in the Middle East, and billions more around the world, who aspire to good jobs, a good education, and access to quality health care.
我們不應(yīng)對中東局勢視而不見。世界銀行集團(tuán)中東發(fā)揮著多種作用。有時(shí)候，我們同外交官和其他人商談?dòng)诿苁�，有時(shí)候我們同人道主義援助人員戰(zhàn)斗在前線。我們總是在和政府、或者和企業(yè)、或者和民間團(tuán)體協(xié)力合作，為發(fā)展事業(yè)建造牢固和可持續(xù)的基礎(chǔ)。這些工作支持著中東千百萬人民乃至全世界數(shù)十億人的生計(jì)——他們都希望有良好的工作、良好的教育和優(yōu)質(zhì)的醫(yī)療保健。
A critical part of our work is in countries emerging from conflict, affected by conflict, or stuck in a persistent state of fragility. As we know all too well, when a country remains in a long state of fragility, conflict often erupts. The World Bank Group and the wider global community need to confront the complex institutional and social challenges in these fragile states, because the cost of inaction is high and the reward of well-designed interventions is great. When we have the opportunity to build institutions, infrastructure, and human capacity in fragile states, or when we can put together a deal that brings in desperately needed private sector investment, we must seize it. When we fail to help countries develop in a way that is inclusive or fail to help countries build strong governance, we are all affected by the result, which is often a country engulfed in flames, as is Syria today.
我們工作中非常重要的一部分是在剛結(jié)束沖突、受沖突影響或者長期陷于脆弱狀況的國家。眾所周知，當(dāng)一個(gè)國家長期處于脆弱狀況時(shí)，沖突往往一觸即發(fā)。世界銀行集團(tuán)乃至國際社會需要在這些脆弱國家直面復(fù)雜的制度和社會挑戰(zhàn)，原因是無所事事的代價(jià)高昂，而設(shè)計(jì)周密的干預(yù)措施則收效巨大。當(dāng)我們有機(jī)會在脆弱國家進(jìn)行制度、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和能力建設(shè)時(shí)，或者當(dāng)我們能夠達(dá)成一項(xiàng)協(xié)議引進(jìn)急需的私營部門投資時(shí)，我們必須抓住機(jī)遇。當(dāng)我們未能幫助國家實(shí)現(xiàn)包容性發(fā)展時(shí)，或者未能幫助國家建立強(qiáng)有力的治理結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后果會影響所有人——往往是一個(gè)國家陷入戰(zhàn)火，就像今天的敘利亞。
Drivers of conflict
沖突的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素
In the Middle East, most of the countries experienced relatively strong growth of 4 to 5 percent a year in the decade before the Arab Spring. Yet serious problems were lurking below the surface. An increasingly educated young middle class was frustrated that the few available jobs were reserved for those with more connections than talent. The private sector operated by earning privileges from the state, leading to a form of crony capitalism that only helped a few, and undermined exports and jobs.
在中東，大多數(shù)國家在阿拉伯之春之前的10年都經(jīng)歷過4%或5%的相對強(qiáng)勁增長。然而，外表下隱藏著嚴(yán)重的問題。年輕的中間階層受教育程度越來越高，令他們沮喪的是稀少的就業(yè)機(jī)會都留給了那些有關(guān)系而不是有才能的人。私營部門的運(yùn)作要依靠政府提供的特權(quán)，形成一種只有利于少數(shù)人的裙帶資本主義，對出口和就業(yè)造成破壞。
The inequities – and the anger – filtered even to the very young. When a million people poured into Tahrir Square in Cairo in 2011 to protest their government, the children of the protesters held protests of their own in classrooms. They demanded better instruction. This is what happens when prosperity is reserved for a select few. All of those left out feel deeply, the burn of inequity.
不平等和憤怒甚至滲透到少年兒童中。2011年當(dāng)100萬人涌入開羅的解放廣場抗議政府的時(shí)候，抗議者的孩子們也在他們自己的教室舉行抗議活動(dòng)。他們要求改進(jìn)教學(xué)。當(dāng)繁榮有選擇地保留給少數(shù)人，這就是結(jié)果。所有那些被遺漏的人都深感到不公平的傷害。
The ongoing crises have left many Middle Eastern countries with a triple challenge. First is restoring macroeconomic stability; second is reforming their economies to meet the high expectations of the people who marched in the streets; and third is managing the transition to new constitutions and more open, contested, multiparty elections. These challenges would be daunting for any single country. But they have all come together in one region. That makes it all the more important for the international community to marshal its resources to support those brave women and men who risked their lives to demand the basic human dignity that is their due.
目前的危機(jī)令眾多中東國家面臨三重挑戰(zhàn)。第一是恢復(fù)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定;第二是改革經(jīng)濟(jì)以滿足上街抗議的人民的期望;第三是管理好向新憲法和更公開的、有爭議的、多黨制的選舉過渡。這些挑戰(zhàn)對于任何一個(gè)國家都是巨大的，但三重挑戰(zhàn)同時(shí)降臨一個(gè)地區(qū)，就使得國際社會集結(jié)資源來援助這些冒著生命危險(xiǎn)要求得到應(yīng)得的基本人類尊嚴(yán)的勇敢男女們顯得愈發(fā)重要。
That also makes it important to come to the aid of Jordan and Lebanon today. The World Bank provided $150 million in emergency aid to Jordan just a few months ago, and we just completed a comprehensive economic and social impact assessment of Lebanon that found the country has lost billions of dollars due to the war in Syria.
這也使得今天對約旦和黎巴嫩伸出援助之手十分重要。世界銀行幾個(gè)月前向約旦提供了1.5億美元的緊急援助，我們也剛剛完成了對黎巴嫩的全面的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會影響評估，發(fā)現(xiàn)敘利亞內(nèi)戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致黎巴嫩損失了數(shù)十億美元。
Lebanon now hosts more than 760,000 Syrian refugees, which could be likened to 56 million refugees entering the United States, 45 million of which would have entered since this January alone. Think of the disruption. Last week, I attended the UN General Assembly meeting of the International Support Group for Lebanon. Donors pledged some funds for the country, but we need to do much more or we risk catastrophe in Lebanon.
黎巴嫩目前接待了超過76萬敘利亞難民，按人口比例來說，這相當(dāng)于美國涌入5600萬難民，而且僅僅從今年1月以后來到的就有 4500萬人。想想這會帶來什么樣的混亂。上周，我們出席了聯(lián)合國大會的黎巴嫩國際援助小組會議。各援助方承諾為黎巴嫩提供一些資金，但我們還需要做得更多，否則黎巴嫩可能會發(fā)生巨大的災(zāi)難。
Our two goals
我們的兩大目標(biāo)
Just six months ago, our board endorsed the two goals of the World Bank Group: the first is to end extreme poverty by 2030; the second is to boost shared prosperity by promoting real income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population.
僅僅半年前，我們的董事會批準(zhǔn)了世界銀行集團(tuán)的兩大目標(biāo)：第一個(gè)目標(biāo)是到2030年終結(jié)極度貧困;第二個(gè)目標(biāo)是促進(jìn)收入最低的40%的人口實(shí)際收入的增長，推動(dòng)共享繁榮。
How does this relate to the situation on the ground in the Middle East and in other poor countries? The goal of ending extreme poverty stands on its own as the moral underpinning of all that we do. The fact that more than a billion people live on less than a dollar, 25 a day in 2013 is a stain on our moral conscience. We must help lift people out of poverty without delay, without prejudice, no matter the circumstance, no matter the locale.
怎樣把這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)與中東及其他貧困國家的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況聯(lián)系起來?終結(jié)極度貧困的目標(biāo)本身就是我們所做的一切工作的道德基礎(chǔ)。在2013年的今天還有10多億人每天生活費(fèi)不到1.25美元，這是我們道德良心上的一個(gè)恥辱。我們必須幫助人民擺脫貧困，一刻不能耽擱，不帶任何成見，不管是何種情況、什么地方。
Our second goal of boosting shared prosperity is more complex, but relevant to the entire world. The protests during the Arab Spring, and the more recent ones in Turkey, Brazil, and South Africa were rooted in the universal desire to participate in the global middle class.
我們促進(jìn)共享繁榮的第二個(gè)目標(biāo)更為復(fù)雜，但也與全世界都直接相關(guān)。阿拉伯之春期間的抗議活動(dòng)，以及最近在土耳其、巴西和南非發(fā)生的抗議活動(dòng)，都植根于一種躋身全球中產(chǎn)階級的普遍愿望。
Today, leaders around the world realize that boosting shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent is becoming more and more critical to ensure stability. It used to be that much of this discontent boiled under the surface. But social media has created an enormous “virtual middle class,” as Thomas Friedman has called it, who will continue to knock on, and then break down, the door of opportunity.
今天，世界各國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都意識到，促進(jìn)底層40%的人口共享繁榮對于確保穩(wěn)定變得日益重要。在過去，許多不滿情緒在社會表層下沸騰。但社交媒體創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)巨大的、被托馬斯·弗里德曼稱為“虛擬的中間階層”的群體，這個(gè)階層會繼續(xù)叩響然后打破機(jī)遇之門。
The lesson is that we should pay much more attention to whether growth reaches all the population, and not just the elite. One way to do so is by looking beyond the overall GDP growth; we need to directly monitor income gains among the bottom 40 percent. Economic progress must also be environmentally and financially sustainable over generations.
一個(gè)教訓(xùn)是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)更多地關(guān)注增長是否惠及全體人民而不僅僅是特權(quán)階層。要做到這一點(diǎn)，一個(gè)辦法就是不能只看總體的GDP增長指標(biāo);我們需要直接監(jiān)測底層40%的收入增長。經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步還需要在環(huán)境上和財(cái)政上具有可持續(xù)性，延續(xù)到子孫后代。
So how can incomes of the less fortunate increase in a sustained way? There is more than one path to shared prosperity. One path is through increased opportunities driven by greater economic growth. Another is through a stable social contract, which focuses on raising the living standards of the poor and the disadvantaged. Both paths can lead to improved opportunities for citizens if societies can become more dynamic and productive with greater room for social mobility.
那么怎樣才能以持續(xù)的方式增加貧困人口的收入呢?通向共同繁榮的路不止一條。一條路是通過經(jīng)濟(jì)增長創(chuàng)造更多機(jī)會。另一條路是通過穩(wěn)定的社會契約，重點(diǎn)提高貧困弱勢人群的生活水平。如果社會更有活力，有更高的生產(chǎn)力，為社會流動(dòng)性提供更大空間，那么這兩種道路就都能為公民帶來更多更好的機(jī)會。
Reaching our first goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030 will not only be historic. It will be extraordinarily difficult. Today, our economists estimate that the number of poor people hovers at just over one billion people, or 150 million fewer than in 2010.
達(dá)到我們的第一項(xiàng)目標(biāo)——到2030年終結(jié)極度貧困——不僅僅是具有歷史意義的，而且是異常困難的。今天，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家估計(jì)貧困人口的人數(shù)徘徊在略稍高于10億，比2010年少1.5億。
We are making progress, but nothing is assured in this battle, and it will get much tougher the closer we get to the goal. Global growth could be slower than historic trends. Disasters driven by a changing climate could reverse years of development success. Investors could become even more skittish. Long-term financing for much needed infrastructure – already scarce – could dry up.
我們正在取得進(jìn)步，但在這場斗爭中沒有什么是確定無疑的，而且我們越是接近目標(biāo)，困難也會越大。全球增長速度可能會低于歷史趨勢。氣候變化造成的災(zāi)害可能扭轉(zhuǎn)多年的發(fā)展成果。投資者有可能會變得膽小�；A(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)急需的長期融資已很稀缺，還有可能枯竭。
At the World Bank Group, our two goals require us to deliver results for people. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, our goals must be “transformed from thin paper to thick action.” What will we do—all of us—to translate our plans into effective action to end poverty?
在世界銀行集團(tuán)，這兩大目標(biāo)要求我們?yōu)槿藗內(nèi)〉们袑?shí)成效。馬丁·路德·金博士曾經(jīng)說過，我們的目標(biāo)必須“從一頁薄紙變?yōu)槟_踏實(shí)地的行動(dòng)”。我們將如何將計(jì)劃轉(zhuǎn)化為終結(jié)貧困的有效行動(dòng)呢?
A World Bank Group strategy
世界銀行集團(tuán)的戰(zhàn)略
Our answer is that for the first time, we have a strategy that will bring together the entire World Bank Group – the Bank, which works with governments; the IFC, our private sector arm; and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, or MIGA, which provides political risk insurance. We just released it a few days ago. Never before have we defined a strategy that gives us a comprehensive roadmap to guide all parts of our institution around common goals and principles.
我們的回答是，我們第一次有了一個(gè)將整個(gè)世界銀行集團(tuán)統(tǒng)一起來的戰(zhàn)略，包括與各國政府合作的世行;包括我們的私營部門窗口國際金融公司(IFC);也包括提供政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)擔(dān)保的多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)。我們幾天前剛剛發(fā)布這一文件。我們過去從未制定過這樣一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的戰(zhàn)略，給予我們一個(gè)圍繞共同目標(biāo)和原則指導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)所有部門工作的全面路線圖。
Why is this important? Bureaucracies sometimes operate in ways that keep people away from each other. They tend to create self-enclosed areas of influence. These areas become well-guarded bunkers, or silos. I know something about silos. I grew up in Iowa, and we had lots of them. Those silos of corn stood starkly alone, especially during those long cold winters. Silos perform a critical function in the cornfields of Iowa but they have no place at the World Bank Group.
為什么這一點(diǎn)很重要?官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)作方式有時(shí)讓人們相互隔離。他們往往創(chuàng)造自我封閉的勢力范圍。這些勢力范圍成為戒備森嚴(yán)的碉堡或者筒倉。我對筒倉有所了解，我在愛荷華州長大，我們那里有很多筒倉。那些貯存玉米的筒倉孤零零地站在地里，特別是在漫長的冬季。筒倉在愛荷華的玉米田里發(fā)揮著重要作用，但在世界銀行集團(tuán)沒有它們的位置。
How can we – or any other large organization – meet our highest aspirations of serving the poor if we work in a collection of silos? We need to connect the brilliant minds in our institution so that their knowledge flows freely.
如果人們各自在一堆筒倉里工作，我們——或者任何其他大型組織——怎么能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)為窮人服務(wù)的的最高理想呢?我們需要讓我們機(jī)構(gòu)中的出類拔萃之輩對接，使他們的知識自由流動(dòng)。
The World Bank Group strategy is based on the conviction that the entire organization will work and together as a seamless whole to achieve our inspiring goals. And we know that if we are to have any chance to succeed, we must be selective – first, we must choose our priorities and then, abandon those activities that don’t make the cut.
世界銀行集團(tuán)的戰(zhàn)略是基于這樣一種信念，即整個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)將齊心協(xié)力、團(tuán)結(jié)一致地實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)。我們也知道，要想取得成功，我們必須具有選擇性——首先要選擇我們的優(yōu)先重點(diǎn)，然后是放棄那些非優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域的活動(dòng)。
What will we stop doing? We won’t continue working in areas in which others are better. We won’t enter projects for the sole purpose of meeting volume targets for the year. We won’t take on projects just to plant our flag on the ground. And we won’t tolerate behavior that promotes individual interests over the common good.
我們將要停止做哪些事呢?我們將不會繼續(xù)從事那些別人更擅長的領(lǐng)域。我們不會僅僅出于要完成年度貸款額指標(biāo)而開展項(xiàng)目。我們不會僅僅為了插上我們的旗子而開展項(xiàng)目。而且，我們絕不容忍將個(gè)人私利置于公共利益之上的行為。
So what are our principles?
那么我們的原則是什么?
We will ensure that all our activities have a relentless focus on our two goals.
我們將確保我們的一切活動(dòng)都堅(jiān)持不懈地專注于我們的兩大目標(biāo)。
We will become better partners to others so that together we can achieve those goals.
我們將更好地與其他方面合作來實(shí)現(xiàn)這兩大目標(biāo)。
We will be bold.
我們將勇往直前。
We will take risks –smart risks. And by that, I mean we will invest in projects that can help transform the development of a country or a region – even if it means we might fail.
我們將勇于冒險(xiǎn)——聰明地冒險(xiǎn)。我的意思是，我們將投資于那些可能有助于改變一個(gè)國家或者一個(gè)地區(qū)的發(fā)展的項(xiàng)目——即使我們有可能失敗。
We will excel at delivering local solutions by taking our global knowledge and making sure it is available to countries and companies that need it.
我們將出色地利用全球知識來提供本地解決方案，并確保那些需要這些知識的國家和企業(yè)都可以獲得這些知識。
We will take advantage of our deep experience to lead cutting-edge global practices on issues such as finance, education, health, infrastructure, energy, and water.
我們將利用我們的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在諸如金融、教育、衛(wèi)生、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、能源和水資源等問題上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)最前沿的全球?qū)嵺`。
We will always look for opportunities to help countries invest in their people. We must help countries become more competitive, and a powerful way for them to do so is by investing in the education, health, and job training of their citizens.
我們將會不斷尋找機(jī)會幫助各國投資于人民。我們必須幫助各國提升競爭力，而達(dá)此目的的一個(gè)有效途徑是投資于公民的教育、衛(wèi)生和就業(yè)培訓(xùn)。
And we will look to create innovative financial tools that can open up new opportunities for long-term financing that countries desperately need.
而且我們將尋求開發(fā) 創(chuàng)新型融資工具，開拓提供各國急需的長期資金的新渠道。
Making the strategy a reality
將戰(zhàn)略變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)
Our strategy calls for us to become a Solutions Bank with results for the poor as our central benchmark. Three elements of the strategy are worth highlighting.
我們的戰(zhàn)略要求我們成為一個(gè)提供解決方案的銀行，以對貧困人口產(chǎn)生的成效作為我們的主要基準(zhǔn)。新戰(zhàn)略有三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容值得強(qiáng)調(diào)。
First, we will partner with the private sector to use their expertise and capital to fight poverty. This is particularly important to create good jobs for the poor.
首先，我們將與私營部門聯(lián)手，利用他們的專業(yè)知識和資金來抗擊貧困。這一點(diǎn)對于為貧困人口創(chuàng)造良好的就業(yè)尤為重要。
Second, we will increase our commitment to fragile and conflict-affected states, which will require us to be bolder, take more risks, and commit more resources.
第二，我們將加強(qiáng)對脆弱與受沖突影響國家的承諾，這將要求我們更加大膽，承擔(dān)更多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，投入更多資源。
And third, we will be as ambitious as possible on issues that are of global importance, including investing in women and girls and combatting climate change. Our response to climate change, for instance, must be bold enough to match the scope of the problem.
第三，我們在具有全球重要意義的議題上要盡可能雄心勃勃，包括投資于婦女和女童、抗擊氣候變化。例如，我們對氣候變化作出反應(yīng)的力度必須與問題的嚴(yán)重程度相匹配。
Creating good jobs
創(chuàng)造良好就業(yè)
On the first element, one of the highest priorities at the World Bank Group will be to help create jobs. How can we most effectively help regions and individual countries position themselves for private-sector-led job growth? The scope of the challenge is daunting – the world needs to create 600 million new jobs over the next decade.
圍繞第一個(gè)目標(biāo)，世界銀行集團(tuán)的最高優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)之一將是幫助創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會。我們?nèi)绾尾拍茏钣行У貛椭嘘P(guān)地區(qū)和國家創(chuàng)造最佳條件來促進(jìn)私營部門主導(dǎo)的就業(yè)增長?這是一項(xiàng)十分艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)—— 全球需要在未來十年內(nèi)創(chuàng)造6億個(gè)新的就業(yè)機(jī)會。
A critical pathway out of poverty for the poor is through providing an open and transparent connection to local and global markets. This access can unlock entrepreneurial potential for millions.
幫助窮人擺脫貧困的一條重要途徑是以公開透明的方式將他們與本地市場和全球市場聯(lián)系起來。這種對市場的參與可以釋放億萬民眾的創(chuàng)業(yè)潛力。
For example, one of IFC’s clients, Ecom, connects cocoa, coffee and cotton farmers in over 30 countries to global markets. Last year, Ecom helped more than 134,000 farmers and thousands more through farmer organizations.
例如，國際金融公司的客戶Ecom將30多個(gè)國家里種植可可、咖啡和棉花的農(nóng)戶與全球市場連接起來。去年，Ecom向13.4萬農(nóng)民提供了幫助，并通過農(nóng)民組織幫助了更多人。
We also are expanding our group of partners to include those which are pioneering new business models. Just two weeks ago, I met Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, a Chinese firm that, among other things, accounted for 60 percent of the 8.8 billion packages mailed inside China last year. He showed me his black canvas shoes, which were made by a woman in a small village in China. Alibaba was able to drive logistics prices so low that this woman could market her shoes and ship them anywhere in China at a better price than the local shoe store. In just a few years, Alibaba has fostered the creation or growth of over 6 million small and medium enterprises in China.
我們也在擴(kuò)大合作伙伴的范圍，吸納那些開拓新商業(yè)模式的企業(yè)。就在兩周前，我會晤了中國阿里巴巴公司的創(chuàng)始人馬云，這家企業(yè)在去年中國境內(nèi)郵寄的88億個(gè)快件中占60%。他給我看他穿的黑色帆布鞋，這是中國一個(gè)小村里的婦女做的。阿里巴巴能夠使物流價(jià)格降到如此之低，使這名婦女有可能把她做的鞋銷售到中國任何地方，價(jià)格還低于本地的鞋店。在短短幾年中，阿里巴巴扶持了中國600多萬個(gè)中小企業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)和成長。
That is an example of a transformational business model. But there are many environments that Alibaba and other companies stay away from. We at the World Bank Group serve as a trusted advisor to the private sector, and that often means we will be the first to venture into a risky environment in order to make others feel more comfortable to invest. We know that there are several trillion dollars managed by sovereign wealth funds and institutional investors; much of it is sitting on the sidelines in low-performing funds. So we will actively work to find new ways to attract these private funds to developing country projects. One recent example was our launch of the Managed Co-lending Portfolio Program in China. The Chinese government agreed to invest $3 billion, alongside IFC; other countries are expressing interest in joining the program.
這是一個(gè)具有變革意義的商業(yè)模式的例子。但也有很多環(huán)境是阿里巴巴和其他企業(yè)避之不及的。我們世界銀行集團(tuán)是私營部門可信賴的顧問，這往往意味著我們會率先冒險(xiǎn)進(jìn)入一個(gè)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境，目的是讓他人更放心地投資。我們知道主權(quán)財(cái)富基金和機(jī)構(gòu)投資者管理著數(shù)萬億美元，其中很大一部分閑置在表現(xiàn)不佳的基金里。因此，我們將積極努力尋找新的方式來吸引這些私募基金投資發(fā)展中國家的項(xiàng)目。最近的一個(gè)例子是我們在中國啟動(dòng)了管理聯(lián)合貸款組合計(jì)劃。政府同意投資30億美元，與國際金融公司聯(lián)手合作;其他國家也表示有興趣加入該計(jì)劃。
A priority on fragile states
重點(diǎn)關(guān)注脆弱國家
The second example of our strategy involves our commitment to taking risks in some of the most troubled places in the world: fragile and conflict-affected states.
關(guān)于我們戰(zhàn)略的第二個(gè)例子涉及到我們承諾在世界上問題最多的地區(qū)——脆弱和受沖突影響的國家——承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Earlier this year, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and I traveled to the Great Lakes region of Africa to support the Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework, signed by 11 countries. The region has been in a state of war for more than two decades, and rebel groups in the eastern Congo started a new battle a few days before we arrived. Just a couple of hours before we arrived in Goma, the groups called a cease-fire. Despite the tension, crowds of people, most of them women, lined the roads from the UN base to a local hospital. They cheered our convoy. But they also held high signs that spoke of the deep trauma they have experienced. I’ll never forget one woman’s sign. It said simply: Stop the rape. Indeed.
今年早些時(shí)候，聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文和我訪問了非洲大湖地區(qū)，以表示對11個(gè)國家簽署的《和平、安全和合作框架》的支持。該地區(qū)20多年來長期處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)，就在我們到達(dá)前數(shù)日，剛果東部地區(qū)的叛亂組織又燃起了新的戰(zhàn)火。在我們的飛機(jī)降落在戈馬幾小時(shí)前，叛亂組織宣布�；�。盡管局勢緊張，大批的人群——大部分是婦女——從聯(lián)合國基地沿途一直排到一家本地醫(yī)院，他們對我們的車隊(duì)歡呼，但他們也高舉著標(biāo)語牌，表達(dá)他們所遭遇的深深創(chuàng)傷。我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了一名婦女手持的標(biāo)語牌上寫著：停止奸。
We must move much more quickly, more urgently, to create peace dividends for countries emerging from years of conflict. We know that you can’t have development without peace. But too often we forget that peace won’t last without development. In the Great Lakes region, we moved quickly to amass an additional $1 billion assistance package to help the region. Shortly after our visit, the Bank’s Board approved $340 million to help finance the Rusumo Falls run of the river hydroelectric project to bring power to millions of people.
我們必須更快速、更緊迫地行動(dòng)起來，為剛剛走出多年沖突戰(zhàn)亂的國家創(chuàng)造和平紅利。我們知道，沒有和平就沒有發(fā)展。但是我們常常忘記，如果沒有發(fā)展，和平也難以持久。對大湖地區(qū)，我們迅速調(diào)動(dòng)了10億美元的追加援助一攬子計(jì)劃，為該地區(qū)提供幫助。我們訪問后不久，世行董事會批準(zhǔn)拿出3.4億美元資金支持魯蘇莫瀑布河水電項(xiàng)目，為數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人送去電力。
Today, I pledge to significantly increase our support to fragile and conflict-affected states. I hope to increase the share of IDA core financing – the Bank’s fund for the poorest – to fragile states by about 50 percent in the next three years. IFC, our private sector arm, also will commit to increasing its support for fragile states by 50 percent over the next three years.
今天，我在這里明確承諾將大大增加對脆弱和受沖突影響國家的支持。我希望在今后三年中將國際開發(fā)協(xié)會貸款(世界銀行對最窮國的基金)對脆弱國家的支持份額提高50%。我們的私營部門機(jī)構(gòu)IFC也承諾在未來三年將其對脆弱國家的支持提高50%。
The challenge of climate change
氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)
The third and final example of our strategy is directly related to our shared prosperity goal. Shared means not only making sure that those at the bottom are part of the growth process, but also that growth will not come at the expense of future generations. We need to share the planet and its resources with our children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, and that means we must have a bold plan to combat climate change.
我們戰(zhàn)略的第三個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)例子直接關(guān)系到我們共享繁榮的目標(biāo)。共享意味著不僅要確保那些身處底層的人成為增長過程的一部分，而且增長不能以犧牲子孫后代為代價(jià)。我們需要和我們的孩子、孫子、重孫共享地球及其資源，這意味著我們必須有一個(gè)對抗氣候變化的宏偉計(jì)劃。
Climate change poses a fundamental threat to development in our lifetime. It has the potential to put prosperity out of reach for millions of people. Every region of the world will be affected, and those least able to adapt–the poor and most vulnerable–will be hit hardest. If we want to end extreme poverty, we have to build resilient communities and mitigate shocks, like climate disasters, so that poor people can make gains in their lives–and keep those gains for the long term.
氣候變化帶在我們的有生之年對發(fā)展構(gòu)成了根本性的威脅，有可能使億萬人無法享受繁榮。世界各個(gè)地區(qū)無一幸免，那些適應(yīng)能力最差的人群 ——窮人和最脆弱的人群 ——受害最大。如果想要終結(jié)極度貧困，我們就必須建立具有韌性的社區(qū)，緩解諸如氣候?yàn)?zāi)難等沖擊，從而讓窮人能夠有所收益，并長期保持這些收益。
Tackling climate change is not an effort that governments can take on alone. We need a response that brings together governments, private sector, civil society, and individuals, following a coordinated, ambitious plan. We can help in many ways, but perhaps most fruitfully by highlighting the increasing costs of climate change and by mobilizing climate finance from the public and private sectors.
應(yīng)對氣候變化不僅是政府單方面的努力。我們需要制定一項(xiàng)協(xié)調(diào)的雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃，聯(lián)合政府、私營部門、民間團(tuán)體和個(gè)人共同作出回應(yīng)。我們可以從許多方面提供幫助，但也許最有成效的作法是就氣候變化不斷上升的成本提出警告，并動(dòng)員來自公共和私營部門的氣候融資。
The economic costs of extreme weather events are stunning. Coastal city flooding costs $6 billion a year today, but could reach $1 trillion a year by 2050. Investing $50 billion a year in protection would avoid those costs, and free up $950 billion every year to invest in better schools, hospitals, and social safety nets.
極端氣候事件的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本是驚人的。目前沿海城市每年洪災(zāi)造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)60億美元，而到2050年可能達(dá)到每年近1萬億美元。每年投資$500億美元加強(qiáng)防護(hù)就可以避免這些損失，省下的$9500億美元就可以用來改善學(xué)校、醫(yī)院和社會安全網(wǎng)。
Today, I am committing the World Bank Group to direct a greater share of our own financing toward this battle and also to work with all partners interested in working on this problem in a serious way.
今天，我承諾世界銀行集團(tuán)將從世行資金中拿出更大份額用來抗擊氣候變化，同時(shí)也將與所有愿意認(rèn)真解決這個(gè)問題的各方開展合作。
Clean energy is our starting point. We will bring together knowledge, best practice, and financial support for countries to address the high costs and policy barriers for the adoption of cleaner energy solutions. We are on track to complete renewable energy resource mapping in at least ten countries over the next three years. We will enable energy subsidy reforms in at least 12 countries and work with partners to create new business models for cooking and lighting that utilize the rapidly improving technology of microgrids. I would also like to see at least 10,000 megawatts of additional capacity installed globally with our direct support in three years — that’s equivalent to the entire installed capacity of Peru.
清潔能源是我們的起點(diǎn)。我們將集中知識、最佳實(shí)踐和財(cái)政支持，幫助各國解決采用清潔能源解決方案的高昂成本和政策障礙。我們正在開展工作，幫助至少10個(gè)國家在未來三年完成可再生能源資源地圖繪制。我們將幫助至少12個(gè)國家開展能源補(bǔ)貼改革，并與合作伙伴共同創(chuàng)建新的商業(yè)模式，利用迅速改進(jìn)的微電網(wǎng)技術(shù)解決做飯和照明。我也希望看到通過我們的直接支持，三年內(nèi)在全球范圍至少增加1萬兆瓦的裝機(jī)容量，這相當(dāng)于秘魯?shù)娜垦b機(jī)容量。
Conclusion
結(jié)束語
We can reach our goals of ending poverty, boosting shared prosperity, and sharing that prosperity with future generations – but only if we work together with an altogether different sense of urgency. As I mentioned earlier, we must build a social movement to end poverty.
我們可以達(dá)到終結(jié)貧困和促進(jìn)共享繁榮并與子孫后代共享繁榮的目標(biāo) ，但前提是我們要共同努力，并且要有很強(qiáng)的緊迫感。正如我前面提到的，我們必須開展一場終結(jié)貧困的社會運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Just six months ago, the board of governors for the World Bank Group laid a foundation for a social movement by endorsing our two goals and declaring that we can end extreme poverty by 2030. Now we are seeing interest from all corners. Political leaders, including President Obama and UK Prime Minister David Cameron, are calling for an end to poverty. Faith-based groups such as World Vision are calling for an end to poverty. The One campaign, Oxfam, Save the Children, RESULTS, and many other civil society groups are calling for an end to poverty. And young people are calling for an end to poverty.
短短半年前，世界銀行集團(tuán)理事會批準(zhǔn)了我們的兩大目標(biāo)，并宣布到2030年我們能夠終結(jié)極度貧困。這為開展一場社會運(yùn)動(dòng)打下了基礎(chǔ)�，F(xiàn)在我們看到各方面對此都有興趣。政界領(lǐng)袖、包括美國總統(tǒng)和英國首相戴維·卡梅倫都在呼吁終結(jié)貧困。世界宣明會等宗教組織也在呼吁終結(jié)貧困。統(tǒng)一行動(dòng)、樂施會、拯救兒童基金會、RESULTS以及許多其他民間社會團(tuán)體都在呼吁終結(jié)貧困。年輕人 ——像你們這些喬治·華盛頓大學(xué) 的莘莘學(xué)子—— 也在呼吁終結(jié)貧困。
Just this past weekend, 60,000 people gathered on the Great Lawn of Central Park to watch the Global Citizens Festival, which rallied around the goal of zero poverty by 2030. I ask all of you here today – join this movement. Propel it forward. There are many things you can do – and one you can do from your seats on your smartphones right now: log on to the Global Poverty Project website — www.zeropoverty2030.org, that’s www.zeropoverty2030.org — and sign a petition to end poverty in a generation. Let world leaders know that this is an issue of fundamental importance to you.
在剛剛過去的這個(gè)周末，6萬人聚集在中央公園的大草坪上觀看全球公民節(jié)，目標(biāo)就是到2030年實(shí)現(xiàn)零貧困。我懇請今天在座的各位加入到這場運(yùn)動(dòng)中來。推動(dòng)這場運(yùn)動(dòng)向前發(fā)展。你們有很多事情可以做，有一件事你們馬上就可以在座位上通過智能手機(jī)來做：登錄到全球貧困項(xiàng)目網(wǎng)站：www.zeropoverty2030.org，我再重復(fù)一遍：www.zeropoverty2030.org，簽署一份在一代人時(shí)間內(nèi)終結(jié)貧困的呼吁書。告訴世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，這對你來說是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的問題。
Our goals are clear at the World Bank Group. End extreme poverty by 2030. Boost prosperity and ensure that it is shared with the bottom 40 percent and with future generations. We have an opportunity to bend the arc of history and commit ourselves to do something that other generations have only dreamed of. At the Central Park concert, I called up my four-year-old son, Nico, to join me on stage. It was a way to make this goal tangible. When Nico is my height and a senior in college like some of you, we could hand over to him and his classmates a world free of extreme poverty.
世界銀行的目標(biāo)是明確的。到2030年終結(jié)極度貧困。推動(dòng)繁榮，并確保底層40%的人以及子孫后代可以共享繁榮。我們面臨著一個(gè)歷史性機(jī)遇來完成一項(xiàng)前輩人夢寐以求的事業(yè)。在中央公園的演唱會上，我叫了4歲的兒子尼科一起上臺，這可以使我們的目標(biāo)更清晰可見——當(dāng)尼科長到和我一樣高時(shí)，到他像你們一樣上大學(xué)四年級時(shí)，我們將交給他和他的同學(xué)們一個(gè)消除了極度貧困的世界。
This is the defining moral issue of our time. We cannot let over a billion people suffer in extreme poverty when we have the tools and the resources to change their lives for the better. We cannot allow the bottom 40 percent of the population be denied opportunities for jobs, health, and education. We can do better. We have to do better, for Nico, for four year olds all over the world and for all future generations. For some problems like climate change, time is of the essence, but to quote Martin Luther King again, the time is always ripe to do right. Now’s the time and we are the people. Let’s make it happen.
這是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代最重大的道德問題。我們有工具和資源來改善10億多極端貧困人口的生活，不能坐視他們飽受貧困之苦。我們不能允許底層40%的人被剝奪就業(yè)、醫(yī)療和教育機(jī)會。我們能做得更好。我們必須做得更好——為了尼科，為了世界上所有像他這么大的孩子，也為了子孫后代。對氣候變化這樣的問題，時(shí)間是最重要的一個(gè)因素。讓我再次引用馬丁·路德·金的話，“做正確的事情的時(shí)機(jī)總是成熟的�！睍r(shí)不我待，我們必須采取行動(dòng)。讓我們行動(dòng)起來，將目標(biāo)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。
Thank you very much.
謝謝各位。
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