英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之句子的成分
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定義：
構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分，語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。
（二）主語(yǔ)：
主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）
We often speak English in class.（代詞）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）
The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）
（三）謂語(yǔ)：
謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：
1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：We are students.
（四）表語(yǔ)：
表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）
Is it yours?（代詞）
The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）
The speech is exciting.（分詞）
Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）
The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）
（五）賓語(yǔ)：
賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）
賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的'意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名詞）
They painted their boat white.（形容詞）
Let the fresh air in.（副詞）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）
We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）
（七）定語(yǔ)：
修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
（八）狀語(yǔ)：
修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）
Wait a minute.（名詞）
Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）
狀語(yǔ)種類如下：
How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）
She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）
I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）
練習(xí)
一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(yǔ)（-）、謂語(yǔ)（＝）、賓語(yǔ)（～）：
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
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