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英語語法:名詞性從句最詳分析
名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導的從句，其功同名詞一樣。
一、主語從句
主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較
It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主語的結構
(1) It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact that …事實是…
It is an honor that…非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that…是常識
(2) it is +形容詞+從句
It is natural that…很自然…
It is strange that…奇怪的是…
(3) it is +不及物動詞+從句
It seems that…似乎…
It happened that…碰巧…
(4) it +過去分詞+從句
It is reported that…據報道…
It has been proved that…已證實…
3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況
(1) if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn't matter how/whether …結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別
What 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語.賓語.表語，而that 則不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二、賓語從句
賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。
1. 作動詞的賓語
(1) 由that引導的賓語從句(that 通�？梢允÷�)，例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導的賓語從句，例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 動詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介詞的賓語
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容詞的賓語
例如：I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
That 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。
4. It 可以作為形式賓語
It 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞
這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞
有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+that從句“結構中，常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的轉移
若主句謂語動詞為Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：
I don't think this dress fits you well.(我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。)
三、表語從句
表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態的，表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞的-ing、從句來充當，它常位于系動詞(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞)之后。
引導表語從句的詞有連詞that, whether，連接代詞和連接副詞，關系代詞型what，以及as if, as though, because等連詞。
1. 由that引導
The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事實是他沒有做真正的努力。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。
My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建議是我們應該告訴他。
His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是這個制度能起作用。
My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意見是我們馬上就開始做準備工作。
【連詞that的省略問題】
引導表語從句的that通常不省略，但在口語或非正式文體中有時也可省略：
My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意見是我們應該馬上干。
The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病了。
2. 由whether引導
The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 問題是這部電影是否值得看。
【注意】whether 可引導表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導表語從句。
3. 由連接代詞引導
You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我過去所想像的人。
The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。
The question is who (m) we should trust. 問題是我們應當相信誰。
What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我們應走哪條路。
4. 由連接副詞引導
The problem is how we can find him. 問題是我們如何找到他。
That was when I was fifteen. 這是我15歲時發生的事。
That’s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇見她的地方。
That’s why he didn’t come. 這就是他沒有來的緣故。
That’s why I object to the plan. 這就是我反對這個計劃的原因。
That’s where you are wrong. 這就是你不對的地方。
5. 由關系代詞型what引導
That’s what I want to stress. 這是我想強調的。
That’s what we are here for. 我們來這里就為了這個。
Fame and personal gain is what they’re after. 他們追求的是名利。
He is no longer what he was. 他已經不是以前的他了。
6. 由as if / as though引導
It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你離開不回來了。
Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 現在好像她認識米莉已有好多年了似的。
It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我們家里窮。
7. 由because引導
It is because I love you too much. 那是因為我太愛你了。
That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 這是因為你不能欣賞音樂。
If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night. 如果我有點困，是因為一夜沒睡。
It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 這是因為我在上課中替約翰傳紙條給海倫。
【注意】because 可引導表語從句，但與之同義的since, as, for等也不用于引導表語從句。
四、同位語從句
同位語從句指的是在復合句中充當同位語的從句，屬于名詞性從句的范疇，同位語從句用來對其前面的抽象名詞進行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關系。
引導同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞和連接副詞等。
1. 由that引導
We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到消息說我們隊贏了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們為你生病發愁。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出結論這樣做是不明智的。
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那筆錢不見了這一事實并不意味著是被偷了。
He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun. 他提到了哥白尼關于地球繞太陽轉的說法。
【注意1】 在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。 如：
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 他們面對廢除這個稅的要求。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他們表示希望她接受這筆獎金。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一項建議是布朗應該離隊。
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采納新規則的建議是主席提出的。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允許婦女參加這個協會的決議通過了。
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker. 我理解他們希望你作主要發言人的殷切心情。
【注意2】 引導同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。 如：
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機了。
2. 由whether引導
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否會來還不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的問題：你來不來。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 這個是對還是錯要看結果。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調查他是否可以信任的問題。
【注意】 whether 可引導同位語從句，但if不能引導同位語從句。
3. 由連接代詞引導
Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時候開始嗎?
From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was. 從1985年到1990年我是地方黨部的教員。隨后我回到一家工廠工作。當時我不知道賭場是什么樣的地方。
4. 由連接副詞引導
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么時候回來。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做的問題。
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她為什么離開。
You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多著急!
【關于分離同位語從句】
有時同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。 如：
The story goes that he beats his wife. 傳說他打老婆。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息傳開說他中彩得了一輛汽車。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 謠傳這里要蓋一所新學校。
Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有傳言說史密斯一家要離開這座城市。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敵人已逃離這座城市。
The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下來，所有居民都必須撤出村子。
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