英語四級考試語法精要

英語四級考試語法精要

　　引導語：英語四級考試語法精要，由應屆畢業生培訓網整理而成，希望能夠幫助到您。

　　一、動名詞

　　1. 某些動詞后要接動名詞

　　某些及物動詞后能用動名詞而不能用不定式作賓語，其中最常用動詞的有admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, can’t help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。

　　She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.

　　There’s no way to escape doing the work.

　　She is considering asking her employer for a rise.

　　Note:

　�、� 在need、want、require、deserve等動詞后的動名詞相當于不定式的被動式

　　The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)

　　The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)

　�、� 在like、hate、prefer等動詞后,如果表示一般傾向,則用動名詞作賓語;如果指具體的某次發生在將來的行動，則要用不定式。

　　I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.

　　She prefers walking to cycling.

　　I prefer to stay at home today.

　�、� 在remember、forget、regret等動詞后,如果用動名詞作賓語，則表示該賓語的動作發生在動詞謂語的動作之前;如果用不定式作賓語，則表示賓語的動作發生在動詞謂語的動作之后

　　I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)

　　I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)

　　I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)

　　I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)

　　2. 動名詞作介詞的賓語

　　動名詞可作介詞的賓語，與介詞一起構成介詞短語，在句中作定語、狀語或表語。

　　His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.

　　She left without saying goodbye to us.

　　動名詞作介詞的賓語常用在某些詞組后面。這類常用的詞組主要有：be accustomed to, believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested in, look forward to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off, be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,等。

　　He is used to living on his own.

　　He has made up his mind to give up smoking.

　　3. 帶邏輯主語的動名詞

　　動名詞可以有邏輯主語，其構成形式為“名詞或代詞的所有格+動名詞”。帶邏輯主語的動名詞又稱為動名詞的復合結構，在句中用作主語,賓語,表語和介詞的賓語。在非正式語體中，如果動名詞的復合結構在句中作賓語，也可以賓格來充當動名詞的邏輯主語。但考生需注意的是，在各種英語測試中，專家們仍堅持在正式語體中用代詞的所有格來作動名詞的邏輯主語。

　　Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.

　　I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.

　　Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.

　　What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.

　　二、不定式

　　1. 某些動詞后要接不定式

　　某些及物動詞后只能接不定式作賓語，其中最常用的動詞有agree, afford, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish等。

　　What do you plan to do tomorrow?

　　She hated to move from such a nice village.

　　In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students

　　2. 不定式的被動式

　　不定式有被動式，當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，不定式要用被動式，在句中可作主語，賓語，定語，狀語，復合賓語等。作定語時，通常表示在謂語動作后將要發生的動作。

　　The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.

　　She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.

　　3. 不定式的完成式

　　當不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞的動作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作賓語，狀語以及構成復合賓語，復合謂語。

　　She seemed to have heard about the news already.

　　He was believed to have been a very rich man.

　　4. 不定式的完成被動式

　　當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，且不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞的動作之前，不定式要用完成被動式，在句中可作主語，賓語或構成復合賓語，復合謂語。

　　The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.

　　It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.

　　5. 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語

　　不定式可以有邏輯主語，其構成形式為“for +代詞的賓格(或名詞) +不定式”。 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。

　　It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.

　　I think it better for you to see the doctor.

　　What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

　　I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.

　　6. 帶疑問詞的不定式短語

　　不定式前可以加某些疑問代詞，如who、what、which,或疑問副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構成一種特殊的不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。

　　How to improve English is often discussed among the students.

　　We haven’t decided when to visit the place.

　　The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.

　　You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.

　　7. 某些動詞后的不定式作賓語補足語時，不定式不帶to，這些動詞是feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch等。

　　Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.

　　I often hear them sing this song.

　　三、分詞

　　1. 現在分詞與過去分詞的區別

　　現在分詞與過去分詞的區別主要體現在時間和語態上�，F在分詞表示正在進行的動作并表示主動的意義，而過去分詞表示已經完成的動作并表示被動的意義。比較：

　　a changing world(一個變化著的世界);a changed world( 一個已經起變化的世界)

　　surprising news(令人驚訝的消息);surprised people(感到驚訝的人們)

　　2. 分詞作狀語

　　作狀語時，表示時間、原因、方式、結果、條件、讓步和伴隨情況等。另外，作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應與句子的主語一致。

　　Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.

　　Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.

　　3. 分詞作定語

　　分詞常用來修飾名詞或代詞作定語。單個的分詞作定語時，通常放在被修飾詞之前;分詞短語作定語時，通常放在被修飾詞之后。但有些單個的過去分詞作定語時，也可放在被修飾詞之后。

　　He’s a spoilt child.

　　The man standing over there is our new English teacher.

　　Where are we to get the material needed?

　　4. 分詞作賓語補足語

　　分詞可在感覺動詞和使役動詞后作賓語補足語。常用的感覺動詞主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell等。常用的使役動詞主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分詞還可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動詞后作賓語補足語。

　　She watched her baby sleeping.

　　I got my hair cut.

　　I don’t want you worrying about me.

　　5. 分詞與連詞的連用

　　分詞可與各種連詞(如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though等)連用。連詞+分詞(短語)的結構在句中作狀語，相當于狀語從句。

　　She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

　　He went on talking, though continually interrupted.

　　6. 分詞的獨立結構

　　分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語與句子的主語應該一致;否則，分詞應有自己的邏輯主語，構成分詞的獨立結構。獨立結構一般位于句首，作伴隨狀語以及在科技文章中表示附加說明時，它常位于句末。分詞的獨立結構由名詞、代詞+分詞構成，可以表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。

　　Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

　　Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.

　　He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

　　There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.

　　四、非謂語動詞

　　不定式

　　形式

　　主動形式 被動形式

　　一般式 to do to be done

　　完成式 to have done to have been done

　　進行式 to be doing

　　完成進行式 to have been doing

　　完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之后發生. 假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式。

　　I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).

　　(比較: I am glad to see you.)

　　He is said to have written a new book about workers.

　　He pretended not to have seen me.

　　進行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式。

　　You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.

　　We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.

　　He pretended to be listening attentively.

　　完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.

　　The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.

　　We are happy to have been working with you.

　　五、被動式

　　當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

　　She hated to be flattered.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　This is bound to be found out.

　　There are a lot of things to be done.

　　She was too young to be assigned such work.

　　功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).

　　a. To scold her would not be just.

　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

　　d. Do you have anything to declare?

　　e. We have come to learn from you.

　　不帶to 的不定式:

　　在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結構不帶to.

　　John made her tell him everything.

　　這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.

　　She was made to tell him everything.

　　在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.

　　I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

　　They cannot but accept his term.

　　在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.

　　John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.

　　I've heard tell of him.

　　在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.

　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

　　在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.

　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

　　There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

　　連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時, 其后的不定式不帶to.

　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

　　出現在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.

　　He decided to write rather than telephone.

　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

　　用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關系分句”，“thing +關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

　　All you do now is complete the form

　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

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