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有關(guān)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講解：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
在英語(yǔ)中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，而非執(zhí)行者的情況。這種語(yǔ)態(tài)通常會(huì)帶有“be + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中“be”要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)和時(shí)態(tài)的不同進(jìn)行變化。下面是小編整理的職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講解：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，希望能夠幫到你。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
(一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念： 不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略)。
(二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式： be + 過(guò)去分詞，口語(yǔ)只也有用get / become + 過(guò)去分詞表示。
(三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法： (1)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。
①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday。 An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday。 I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday。
②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)(位置不變)；(作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的)不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long。 He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her)。 Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to。
④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞。
⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：(A)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。(B)用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如： People say he is a smart boy。 It is said that he is a smart boy。 He is said to be a smart boy。 People know paper was made in China first。 It is known that paper was made in China first。 Paper was known to be made in China first。 類(lèi)似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況。
①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中。
②表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
⑥賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
(3)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。 This kind of cloth washes easily。這種布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well。這些小說(shuō)不暢銷(xiāo)。 My pen writes smoothly。我的鋼筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)很流暢。 The door won’t lock。門(mén)鎖不上。 The fish smells good。魚(yú)聞起來(lái)香。
②當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。 The plan worked out successfully。 The lamps on the wall turn off。
③want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。
④be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
⑤在“be + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink。 The girl isn’t easy to get along with。 另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent(出租)也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
(4)被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。
①be seated坐著 He is seated on a bench。(He seats himself on a bench。)坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door。(He hid himself behind the door。)他藏在門(mén)后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿著 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt。
(5)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The book is well sold。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
定義
在英語(yǔ)中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多，要普遍，雖然大多數(shù)句子都使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中也是極為重要的，許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。需要注意的是，許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意：那些漢語(yǔ)中有“被……”的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象，如：“known to me的意思，英語(yǔ)卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài)。還要注意，英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)往往由“by”引出，而有用介詞“by on foot”步行（美國(guó)人有時(shí)用“by foot”），“in carriage”（乘四輪馬車(chē)）等等。還有假主動(dòng)，真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法，以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類(lèi)情況，做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵，被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來(lái)很復(fù)雜，怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢？首先要明確“將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行同”。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。
另外，不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。即便如此，還有不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)態(tài)，再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問(wèn)式和否定式從中摻雜。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞“do”為例，即“do、did”過(guò)去式“done”過(guò)去分詞，以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。一定對(duì)你有所啟示。 當(dāng)然了，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以概括為“be done”。也就是“be+過(guò)去分詞”例如：be said。
一般用法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
The new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
特殊用法
1.不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 如： write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶“to”，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4.如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)（物）作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sickpeople. →The sickpeople is being taken care of by the nurse.
構(gòu)成
be+done.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念
1）He opened the door. 他開(kāi)了門(mén)。
以上例句是一個(gè)主動(dòng)句，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者/發(fā)出者
2）The door was opened by him. 門(mén)被開(kāi)了。
第二個(gè)例句是一個(gè)被動(dòng)句，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者
漢語(yǔ)中表示被動(dòng)的詞：被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 給…
英語(yǔ)中表被動(dòng)用：be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
1）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種句型
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by）
eg: My phone was made in China.
否定句：主語(yǔ)+be not+過(guò)去分詞+（by）
eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.
一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）？
eg: Was your phone made in China?
特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）?
eg: Where was your phone made?
2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語(yǔ)。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.
昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰(shuí)打破的)
They have been poorly paid.
他們的工資太低。(沒(méi)必要指出工資是誰(shuí)付的)
突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語(yǔ)。
These books are written especially for children.
這些書(shū)是專(zhuān)門(mén)為孩子們寫(xiě)的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“這些書(shū)”)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：
在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
If I am given enough time, I will do it better. 給我足夠的時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好。
固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞或副詞在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省去。例如：
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。
有些動(dòng)詞如write, read, sell，wash, open等當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行情況時(shí), 有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 當(dāng)用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)本身所具有的特征時(shí),無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
The computers were sold out, because they sell well. 電腦被賣(mài)光了，因?yàn)樗鼈冑u(mài)得好。The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。
在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)和形容詞enough to do結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The problem is too difficult to work out. 這問(wèn)題太難解決了。I am not enough strong to lift the box. 我沒(méi)有足夠的力量搬起這個(gè)箱子。
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