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      1. 英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作研究

        時(shí)間:2022-11-15 20:44:02 論文寫(xiě)作 我要投稿
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        英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作研究

          英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)論文難,是因?yàn)椴惶私鈱W(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),初次寫(xiě)作的新手可以學(xué)習(xí)以下的技巧,了解一下學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有幫助。

        英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作研究

          英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作研究

          一般來(lái)說(shuō),一篇完整規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文由以下各部分構(gòu)成:

          Title(標(biāo)題)

          Abstract(摘要)

          Keywords(關(guān)鍵詞)

          Table of contents(目錄) Nomenclature(術(shù)語(yǔ)表)

          Introduction(引言)

          Method(方法)

          Results(結(jié)果)

          Discussion(討論)

          Conclusion(結(jié)論)

          Acknowledgement(致謝)

          Reference(參考文獻(xiàn))

          Appendix(附錄)

          其中 Title,Abstract,Introduction,Method,Result,Discussion,Conclusion,Reference 等八項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是必不可少的(其他內(nèi)容根據(jù)具體需要而定)。在這八項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中,讀者最多的是Title,Abstract和Introduction部分,讀者會(huì)根據(jù)這些內(nèi)容來(lái)決定是否閱讀全文。也就是說(shuō),一篇研究論文贏得讀者的多少,在很大程度上取決于Title,Abstract和Introduction 寫(xiě)得好壞。因此這三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容將各分章詳細(xì)加以講述。

          學(xué)術(shù)論文的正文一般包括Method,Result,Discussion三個(gè)部分。這三部分主要描述研究課題的具體內(nèi)容、方法,研究過(guò)程中所使用的設(shè)備、儀器、條件,并如實(shí)公布有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和研究結(jié)果等。Conclusion是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容或有關(guān)研究課題進(jìn)行的總體性討論。它具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和客觀(guān)性,反映一個(gè)研究課題的價(jià)值,同時(shí)提出以后的研究方向。

          標(biāo)題的寫(xiě)法

          論文標(biāo)題是全文內(nèi)容的縮影。讀者通過(guò)標(biāo)題便能夠預(yù)測(cè)論文的主要內(nèi)容和作者的意圖,從而決定是否閱讀全文。因此,為了使文章贏得有關(guān)領(lǐng)域里眾多的讀者,論文的標(biāo)題必須用最精煉的語(yǔ)言恰如其分地體現(xiàn)全文的主題和核心。本章主要探討英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及寫(xiě)法。

          6.1 標(biāo)題的長(zhǎng)度

          標(biāo)題 單詞總數(shù) 名詞數(shù) 介詞數(shù) 形容詞等

          1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2

          2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0

          3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3

          14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2

          5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2

          6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4

          英語(yǔ)科技論文中,標(biāo)題不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),大多為8—12個(gè)單詞左右。

          英文論文引言的寫(xiě)作技巧

          學(xué)術(shù)論文中的引言(Introduction)是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的總體勾畫(huà)。引言盡管不像摘要那樣有一定的篇幅限制和相對(duì)固定的格式,但在內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)模式上也有需要遵循的規(guī)律。本章首先介紹這些規(guī)律,然后探討需要掌握的語(yǔ)言技巧。

          8.1 引言的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)布局

          引言的主要任務(wù)是向讀者勾勒出全文的基本內(nèi)容和輪廓。它可以包括以下五項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中的全部或其中幾項(xiàng):

          介紹某研究領(lǐng)域的背景、意義、發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、目前的水平等;

          對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行回顧和綜述,包括前人的研究成果,已經(jīng)解決的問(wèn)題,并適當(dāng)加以評(píng)價(jià)或比較;

          指出前人尚未解決的問(wèn)題,留下的技術(shù)空白,也可以提出新問(wèn)題、解決這些新問(wèn)題的新方法、新思路,從而引出自己研究課題的動(dòng)機(jī)與意義;

          說(shuō)明自己研究課題的目的;

          概括論文的主要內(nèi)容,或勾勒其大體輪廓。

          如何合理安排以上這些內(nèi)容,將它們有條有理地給讀者描繪清楚,并非容易之事。經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們,引言其實(shí)是全文最難寫(xiě)的—部分。這是因?yàn)樽髡邔?duì)有關(guān)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的熟悉程度,作者的知識(shí)是淵博、還是貧乏,研究的意義何在、價(jià)值如何等問(wèn)題,都在引言的字里行間得以充分體現(xiàn)。

          我們可以將引言的內(nèi)容分為三到四個(gè)層次來(lái)安排(如圖8.1所示)。第一層由研究背景、意義、發(fā)展?fàn)顩r等內(nèi)容組成,其中還包括某一研究領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn)綜述;第二層提出目前尚未解決的問(wèn)題或急需解決的問(wèn)題,從而引出自己的研究動(dòng)機(jī)與意義;第三層說(shuō)明自己研究的具體目的與內(nèi)容;最后是引言的結(jié)尾,可以介紹一下論文的組成部分。

          第一層:

          1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………

          2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………………………

          第二層: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

          第三層:Specifying the purpose of your research………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

          第四層:

          1) Announcing your major findings …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

          2) Outlining the contents of your paper …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

          圖8.1 引言的結(jié)構(gòu)布局之一

          值得注意的是,引言中各個(gè)層次所占的篇幅可以有很大差別。這一點(diǎn)與摘要大不一樣,摘要中的目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容各自所占的篇幅大體比例一樣(見(jiàn) 7.2節(jié))。而在引言中,第一個(gè)層次往往占去大部分篇幅。對(duì)研究背景和目前的研究狀況進(jìn)行較為詳細(xì)的介紹。研究目的可能會(huì)比較簡(jiǎn)短。

          引言與摘要還有一點(diǎn)不同的是,摘要中必須把主要研究結(jié)果列出,而在引言中(如果摘要與正文一同登出)結(jié)果則可以省略不寫(xiě),這是因?yàn)檎闹袑?zhuān)門(mén)有一節(jié)寫(xiě)結(jié)果(results),不必在引言中重復(fù)。

          下面這段引言的例子摘自一篇關(guān)于混合電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的研究論文,大部分篇幅介紹研究背景。

          sample 1

          A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I. Forster and J. R. Bumby INTRODUCTION [1] The finite nature of the world's oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear. [2] A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- port sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle without affecting payload. As a consequence of this, electric vehicles must he used in situations where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric traction drives have been traditionally applied with a great deal of success. Currently the demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic compatibility in terms of speed and range.

          分析:第一層(第1—5段):介紹混合電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的研究背景、意義、目前的發(fā)展水平,需要解決的問(wèn)題等。第1段:指出混合電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的研究背景。世界石油資源的有限性及人們對(duì)汽車(chē)排放問(wèn)題的廣泛關(guān)注使得能源轉(zhuǎn)換問(wèn)題尤為重要。第2段:使用電動(dòng)汽車(chē)能夠從某種程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)換。但問(wèn)題是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的續(xù)駛里程比內(nèi)燃機(jī)車(chē)短。所以目前要解決的問(wèn)題是提高電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的速度和續(xù)駛里程。

          [3] Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal combustion, i.e. engine vehicles. The use of advanced traction battery technology to overcome the range limitation of electric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and may in itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater on- board stored energy, the charging time required will be greater than at present. [4] The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al- though such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to remove the range limitation of the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate in an all-electric mode under urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving. The hybrid mode could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerator kick-down.[5] The concept of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of substituting petroleum fuel is' not new,

          第3段:市場(chǎng)要求電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的續(xù)駛里程及工作性能與內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)媲美,但是,即使先進(jìn)電池可以提高電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的續(xù)駛里程,但還會(huì)有一些問(wèn)題不能解決。 第4段:續(xù)駛里程可以通過(guò)使用混合電動(dòng)汽車(chē)來(lái)提高;旌想妱(dòng)汽車(chē)上既裝有內(nèi)燃機(jī),又裝有電動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),在必要時(shí)使用其中一種系統(tǒng)。第5段:回顧并評(píng)述前人關(guān)于混合電動(dòng)汽車(chē)

          Bosch and Volkswagen having built vehicles in the 1970s. More recently, the advent of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programme in the United States of America initiated the design and construction of a Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of substituting petroleum fuel by ' wall plug' electricity. [6] As part of the NTHV programme, a large number of conceptual studies were conducted but on vehicles aimed at the American passenger car market. In this paper optimization studies were conducted, but now on a vehicle suitable for the European medium-sized passenger car market. Such optimization studies are important as, with two sources of traction power available, the way in which they are controlled, and their relative sizing, is fundamental to the way the vehicle performs.[7] Before examining in detail the optimum control strategy for the drive train, Section 2 defines the hybrid arrangement under study. A description of the optimization process using an appro

          摘要的寫(xiě)作技巧

          英文摘要(Abstract)的寫(xiě)作應(yīng)用很廣。不僅參加國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議、向國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)刊物投稿要寫(xiě)摘要,國(guó)內(nèi)級(jí)別較高的學(xué)術(shù)期刊也要求附上英文摘要。學(xué)位論文更是如此。論文摘要是全文的精華,是對(duì)一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究工作的總結(jié),對(duì)研究目的、方法和研究結(jié)果的概括。本章主要介紹摘要的組成部分、寫(xiě)作方法、各部分的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)以及典型句型。

          1. 摘要的種類(lèi)與特點(diǎn)

          摘要主要有以下四種。

          第一種是隨同論文一起在學(xué)術(shù)刊物上發(fā)表的摘要。這種摘要置于主體部分之前,目的是讓讀者首先了解一下論文的內(nèi)容,以便決定是否閱讀全文。一般來(lái)說(shuō),這種摘要在全文完成之后寫(xiě)。字?jǐn)?shù)限制在100~150字之間。內(nèi)容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究結(jié)果和主要結(jié)論。

          第二種是學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文摘要。會(huì)議論文摘要往往在會(huì)議召開(kāi)之前幾個(gè)月撰寫(xiě),目的是交給會(huì)議論文評(píng)審委員會(huì)評(píng)閱,從而決定是否能夠錄用。所以,比第一種略為詳細(xì),長(zhǎng)度在200—300字之間。會(huì)議論文摘要的開(kāi)頭有必要簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下研究課題的意義、目的、宗旨等。如果在寫(xiě)摘要時(shí),研究工作尚未完成,全部研究結(jié)果還未得到,那么,應(yīng)在方法、目的、宗旨、假設(shè)等方面多花筆墨。

          第三種為學(xué)位論文摘要。學(xué)士、碩士和博士論文摘要一般都要求用中、英文兩種語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)。學(xué)位論文摘要一般在400字左右,根據(jù)需要可以分為幾個(gè)段落。內(nèi)容一般包括研究背景、意義、主旨和目的;基本理論依據(jù),基本假設(shè);研究方法;研究結(jié)果;主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新點(diǎn);簡(jiǎn)短討論。不同級(jí)別的學(xué)位論文摘要,要突出不同程度的創(chuàng)新之處,指出有何新的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、見(jiàn)解或解決問(wèn)題的新方法。

          第四種是脫離原文而獨(dú)立發(fā)表的摘要。這種摘要更應(yīng)該具有獨(dú)立性、自含性、完整性。讀者無(wú)需閱讀全文,便可以了解全文的主要內(nèi)容。

          以上四種摘要具有許多共性。無(wú)論哪種摘要,內(nèi)容一般都包括:

          (1)目的(objectives,purposes):包括研究背景、范圍、內(nèi)容、要解決的問(wèn)題及解決這一問(wèn)題的重要性和意義。

          (2)方法(methods and materials):包括材料、手段和過(guò)程。

          (3)結(jié)果與簡(jiǎn)短討論(results and discussions):包括數(shù)據(jù)與分析。

          (4)結(jié)論(conclusions):主要結(jié)論,研究的價(jià)值和意義等。

          無(wú)論哪種摘要,語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和文體風(fēng)格也都相同。首先必須符合格式規(guī)范。第二,語(yǔ)言必須規(guī)范通順,準(zhǔn)確得體,用詞要確切、恰如其分,而且要避免非通用的符號(hào)、縮略語(yǔ)、生偏詞。另外,摘要的語(yǔ)氣要客觀(guān),不要作出言過(guò)其實(shí)的結(jié)論。

          下面從內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)布局和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)三方面著手,討論摘要的寫(xiě)作方法和技巧。

          2. 摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)

          一般來(lái)說(shuō),摘要必須包括研究目的,研究方法,研究結(jié)果,主要結(jié)論等內(nèi)容。也就是說(shuō),摘要必須回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么結(jié)果”、“結(jié)果說(shuō)明了什么”等問(wèn)題。

          2.1 學(xué)術(shù)期刊論文摘要

          這種摘要隨同全文一起發(fā)表,簡(jiǎn)短精煉是其主要特點(diǎn)。只需簡(jiǎn)明扼要地將研究目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論分別用1~2句話(huà)加以概括即可(如圖所示)。至于研究背景或宗旨應(yīng)在論文的Introduction部分較詳細(xì)介紹,不必在摘要里介紹。

          Title

          Author(s), address

          Objectives,purpose,hypotheses

          Methods,materials,procedures

          Results,data,observations,discussion

          Conclusions

          期刊論文摘要結(jié)構(gòu)布局

          例1.

          DOES ALUMINUM ENTER THE LIQUID OONTAINED

          IN POP CANS AND ALUMINUM COOKWARE?

          Daniel T. Moss

          Campbell, 353 North King St., Xenia OH 45385

          Objective: 1This investigation was performed to see if the aluminum in pop cans (易拉罐)and aluminum cookware enters the liquid they contain. It was hypothesized that aluminum does enter the liquids in aluminum cans and cookware. Methods and Materials: This experiment was performed by testing seven different types of carbonated beverages and water boiled in aluminum cookware for three hours. Every hour a sample was removed for testing. The cookware consisted of a new and old aluminum pot. The colorimetric method was used to determine the concentration of aluminum. Results: The results showed that aluminum was present in carbonated beverages and in the water boiled in the cookware. Conclusions: It was concluded that aluminum existed in carbonated beverages and substances cooked in aluminum cookware, and that the concentration of aluminum increased with time. (126 words) (本章選文中黑體部分為編者注。)

          分析:

          本摘要共8句話(huà),126個(gè)詞。第1句話(huà)指出了研究目的:裝在易拉罐或鋁制炊具中的液體是否含有鋁。第2句是假設(shè),鋁可能真的會(huì)進(jìn)人裝在鋁制罐子或炊具中的液體之中。第3~6句是實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、時(shí)間與方法。第7句是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。第8句是結(jié)論:存放于鋁制容器或炊具中的液體內(nèi)含有鋁,而且存放的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),鋁含量越高。

          例1中的主要句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下:

          This investigation was performed to see 表示研究目的

          It was hypothesized that 表示假設(shè)

          This experiment was performed by testing 表示實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和方法

          The colorimetric method was used to determine 表示測(cè)量方法

          The results showed that 表示實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

          It was concluded that 表示結(jié)論

          例2

          FACTORS INVOLVED IN POAG:

          CAROTENOID INTAKE, EYE COLOR, ANDGIRTH MEASUREMENTS

          C. A. Greenell and D. M. Spillman

          Department of Physical Education, Health and Sports Studies,

          Phillops Hall, Miami University, Oxford Oh 45056

          Objective: This study investigates possible effects of high intake of carotenoids(類(lèi)胡羅卜素), eye color, and girth measurements(眼睛大小)on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG 青光眼). Methods and Materials: Researchers designed a questionnaire that inquired about diet and family and personal health history. This questionnaire was administered to 250 individuals suffering from glaucoma. Results and Discussion: The dietary data suggested a possible correlation between low habitual intake of vitamin A, E, and C and higher risk of POAG. In addition, the number of persons suffering from POAG with blue eye color was significantly higher than those with brown or green. Finally, a possible association was suggested concerning girth measurements: those persons with proportionately larger than normal girth measurements may be more likely to suffer from POAG. (117 words)

          分析:·

          本摘要只有6句話(huà),117個(gè)詞。第1句話(huà)明確指出研究目的:說(shuō)明類(lèi)胡蘿卜素的攝人量大、眼睛顏色及眼睛大小與青光眼的關(guān)系。第2—3句是研究方法與研究對(duì)象。方法是通過(guò)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,研究對(duì)象是250名青光眼患者。第4~6句話(huà)每句話(huà)是調(diào)查結(jié)果:

          1) 維生素A、E、C攝人量低可能與青光眼發(fā)病率高有關(guān)系;

          2) 藍(lán)眼睛青光眼患者的比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)棕色眼睛或綠色眼睛青光眼患者;

          3) 眼睛過(guò)大的人患青光眼的可能性更大。

          本摘要中的主要句型結(jié)構(gòu):

          This study investigates…表示研究?jī)?nèi)容或目的

          Researchers designed a questionnaire…表示研究方法

          This questionnaire was administered to…表示研究對(duì)象

          The dietary data suggests that…表示調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)果

          A possible association has been suggested…表示調(diào)查結(jié)果

          2.2 學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文摘要

          學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文摘要寫(xiě)得好壞,直接關(guān)系到論文是否被錄用。摘要起到說(shuō)服會(huì)議論文評(píng)審委員會(huì)的作用。因此,摘要應(yīng)該首先簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究背景、內(nèi)容、范圍、價(jià)值與意義。在研究方法上也可以多花一點(diǎn)筆墨。會(huì)議論文摘要一般在200~250詞之間。

          其結(jié)構(gòu)布局如圖2所示。

          Title

          Author(s), address

          Background, 15revious studies, present situation, problems that need to be

          solved:

          正文的寫(xiě)作技巧

          學(xué)術(shù)論文的主體部分由引言、正文和結(jié)論構(gòu)成。正文部分包括方法、結(jié)果與討論。由于學(xué)術(shù)論文所涉及的學(xué)科、范圍廣泛,即使在同一學(xué)科領(lǐng)域內(nèi),由于選題、研究方法、工作進(jìn)程不同,正文部分的內(nèi)容也不盡相同,寫(xiě)作方法也就不存在統(tǒng)一的規(guī)定或一成不變的模式。所以,本章只著重介紹寫(xiě)正文部分時(shí)一些較為典型的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,希望讀者能夠從中尋求到一般規(guī)律。

          7.1 描述研究方法

          研究方法(Method)部分主要內(nèi)容包括:

          (1)研究工作具備的基本前提或條件,如實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所、設(shè)備器材等。

          (2)采樣、實(shí)驗(yàn)、獲取數(shù)據(jù),并對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行技術(shù)處理的方法與過(guò)程。

          (3)理論分析,包括理論依據(jù)、基本原理、公式推導(dǎo)、數(shù)理模型等。

          采樣與實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程,要根據(jù)先后順序或步驟進(jìn)行描述。例1選自描述對(duì)千屈萊這種植物生長(zhǎng)的采樣與實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程。

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