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type="text/javascript">s("title_top");</script> <h1 class="title">數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)中面向?qū)ο缶幊趟枷胝撐?/h1> <div id="5vajrimf" class="info"> <span id="5vajrimf" class="time">時間：2023-02-27 17:13:34 </span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="sm_after_time"></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/bylw/jiaoyuxue/" title="教育學">教育學</a></span> <span id="5vajrimf" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="5vajrimf" class="content"> <div id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="5vajrimf" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)中面向?qū)ο缶幊趟枷胝撐?/p> <p>　　摘要：關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫在業(yè)界深遠的影響。但隨著軟件的設(shè)計越來越復雜，當前以數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計為中心的數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)已經(jīng)難以適應(yīng)需求，設(shè)計出來的系統(tǒng)難以維護和升級�；诿嫦�?qū)ο蟮姆治龊驮O(shè)計的特點正好可以解決這方面的問題。本文將面向?qū)ο蟮乃枷肴绾闻c傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)結(jié)合起來，可以思路更清晰的來分析和設(shè)計相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://p.9136.com/00/l/c2dbcec402.jpg" alt="數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)中面向?qū)ο缶幊趟枷胝撐?/></p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：面向?qū)ο�；�?shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)；編程；計算機應(yīng)用；信息系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　引言</p><p>　　當前關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)庫的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，最主要的就是兩層的結(jié)構(gòu)，把關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫既作為存儲機制，又作為管理工具。這樣的系統(tǒng)最主要的設(shè)計就是數(shù)據(jù)庫的設(shè)計，可以說實體及關(guān)聯(lián)的設(shè)計與修改就是整個應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)過程。但是如果客戶變動需求或者設(shè)計人員根本就沒有搞清楚最主要的需求是什么，那么設(shè)計的程序?qū)⑹请y于使用的，一個微小的變動卻使得設(shè)計者不得不大量的改變原碼或推翻重做。關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫無法適應(yīng)頻繁變動的需求。這里應(yīng)用新的方法去模擬難以捉摸的現(xiàn)實需求。</p><p>　　1 關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫的優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　當前用于存儲數(shù)據(jù)的持久機制主要有文件系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)（按數(shù)據(jù)模型分為層次型、關(guān)系型、網(wǎng)狀型）。可以采用文件或電子表格存儲數(shù)據(jù)，但運行業(yè)務(wù)時具有很大的局限性。對于非專業(yè)人士，嘗試維護和管理分散的企業(yè)中的信息孤島會遇到數(shù)據(jù)訪問和準確性問題。性能（尤其是在客戶需求的高峰時段）可能會降低至暫停狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫在這些方面強大得多，尤其在分析方面。關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫使能夠以復雜、有意義的方式操作數(shù)據(jù)，從而可以檢索到與特定條件相匹配的所有記錄，交叉引用不同的表以及批量更新記錄。在以下情況下，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫是最好的選擇：要輸入（并經(jīng)常更改）分散在業(yè)務(wù)中不同計算機上的多個電子表格或其他文件中的信息；數(shù)據(jù)（以及訪問數(shù)據(jù)的用戶數(shù)量）不斷增加或更加難以使用、管理、保護，還會遇到性能問題；基于數(shù)據(jù)生成特定或常規(guī)報表以進行決策制定，但無法始終確保數(shù)據(jù)的準確、完整性。</p><p>　　2 數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)的對象思想</p><p>　　面向?qū)ο蟮睦砟钍亲园l(fā)的，源自天然的。所以面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)被設(shè)計得最遵循思維的自然方式。也就是說，用到的符號，術(shù)語，定義和每個人都相關(guān)�；诿嫦�?qū)ο蟮姆治龊驮O(shè)計技術(shù)的這些特點，客戶可以從始至終參與到系統(tǒng)的分析中去，參與到系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。由于在討論對象之間的交互作用時，大家使用同樣的術(shù)語概念�？蛻暨€可以參與文檔的創(chuàng)建和編寫，因為他明確已有對象的含義。這樣分析出來的設(shè)計絕對是符合需求易于客戶使用及管理的。</p><p>　　另外加上面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)方面的繼承等技術(shù)，使得應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的的升級變的輕松。當今計算機硬件的飛速發(fā)展使得由于使用面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)帶來的速度效率問題變得越來越?jīng)]那么重要了，而各個行業(yè)對于計算機的使用使得軟件越來越復雜，清晰的分析和設(shè)計條理變成了更主要的問題，而面向?qū)ο笫欠浅＿m合解決這個問題的。</p><p>　　3 應(yīng)用面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)</p><p>　�。�1）系統(tǒng)分層在數(shù)據(jù)庫和客戶端加入一個中間層，在這一層添加業(yè)務(wù)層和數(shù)據(jù)訪問層，數(shù)據(jù)訪問層與數(shù)據(jù)庫交互為業(yè)務(wù)層提供數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)。業(yè)務(wù)層為客戶層提供經(jīng)過分析及過濾篩選之后的對象及對象集合。</p><p>　　（2）面向?qū)ο蠓治龊驮O(shè)計分析需求中可能存在的潛在對象：對象是一個真實或抽象的元素項，它包含信息（即對象的屬性）和處理對象的方法。任何對象都可包含其他對象，這些對象又可包含其他對象，直到系統(tǒng)中最基本的對象被揭示出來。仔細閱讀需求說明書并在所有名詞下畫線，尋找于系統(tǒng)中的其他對象交互的實物，人員，地點、文件。尋找對象的屬性及對象之間的關(guān)系：通過需求找出潛在的對象之后就是分析對象的關(guān)系及某個對象（類）應(yīng)該具有的屬性，面向?qū)ο蟮姆治雠c設(shè)計的本質(zhì)是我們用自然的觀點去看待一個應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的實現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　（3）行數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計要用面向?qū)ο笏枷脒M行數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計，因此應(yīng)該選擇實體主導型設(shè)計方法：設(shè)計應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu);選擇便于將應(yīng)用程序與 DBMS 結(jié)合的DBMS體系結(jié)構(gòu),如RDBMS;根據(jù)應(yīng)用程序使用的環(huán)境平臺,選擇適宜的DBMS(如Oracle)和開發(fā)工具(如PB)設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)庫,編寫定義數(shù)據(jù)庫模式的SQL程序;編寫確保數(shù)據(jù)正確錄入數(shù)據(jù)庫的用戶接口應(yīng)用程序;錄入數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù);運行各種與數(shù)據(jù)庫相關(guān)的應(yīng)用程序,以確認和修正數(shù)據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　用數(shù)據(jù)庫作為應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中對象的持久機制，而對象之間的關(guān)系也就是相對于數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計部分的實體之間的關(guān)系，應(yīng)該由應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的對象協(xié)調(diào)處理。就是把需求邏輯留在業(yè)務(wù)層去處理。</p><p>　　4 應(yīng)用實例</p><p>　　4.1系統(tǒng)構(gòu)想</p><p>　　設(shè)想這個是校園學生信息MIS系統(tǒng)。該MIS系統(tǒng)有幾種驗證方法，一、通過使用的代理和選擇的學校。如果其代理在其學習的代理IP段的話，就認為是在宿舍上網(wǎng)，可認為是學生，將自動通過注冊請求，系統(tǒng)發(fā)激活郵件；二、不符合第一種情況的話，看選擇的注冊方式如果是使用IP電話的話去根據(jù)選擇的學�？刺顚懙腎P電話是否符合所在學校的IP段，如果符合的話，系統(tǒng)發(fā)激活郵件；三、選擇學校郵箱注冊，根據(jù)選擇的學校和他填寫的郵箱，如果域名符合就認為注冊人為合法學生，系統(tǒng)發(fā)激活郵件；四、選擇其他方式，通過人工方法去確認注冊者的合法性。</p><p>　　以上是用戶注冊的過程，注冊成功后，用戶通過激活賬戶的鏈接，激活自己的賬戶，然后登陸，登陸成功后就可以使用注冊用戶可以使用的所有功能。管理員除可以擁有所有注冊用戶可以使用的功能外，還可添加學校宿舍及課程信息；編輯學校所在的IP段，查看所有用戶的狀態(tài)，進行活動管理，即添加、編輯活動，設(shè)定活動規(guī)則。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)需要響應(yīng)用戶的操作；另應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)還需要給出各種各樣的排行；需要按照規(guī)則確定活動的獲獎?wù)叩�；需要記錄用戶的操作，以確定用戶的積分；給登陸用戶提示是否有人邀請成為朋友，是否有新的信件，是否有組織邀請加入；系統(tǒng)需要維護組織和組織成員之間的關(guān)系，即每個組織都有一些成員（合法用戶分創(chuàng)建人、管理員和普通成員），創(chuàng)建人可以提升普通人員為管理員。</p><p>　　4.2數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計</p><p>　　這里對于設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)庫、處理與數(shù)據(jù)庫的交互，需要從靜態(tài)類圖中設(shè)計到的對象分析出要持久化的對象，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫在這里只是一個存儲機制，不過用面向?qū)ο蟮乃枷朐O(shè)計的數(shù)據(jù)庫是應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)能夠面向?qū)ο蟮幕A(chǔ)。從系統(tǒng)組成得知需要存儲注冊用戶的信息、博客的文章、博客和用戶間的擁有關(guān)系、相冊信息及照片信息、討論主題、帖子信息、組織信息、學校信息等。這里就不給出數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計的示例了，需要注意的是盡量應(yīng)用對象之間的關(guān)系由類去處理即關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系留在業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層處理，數(shù)據(jù)庫專著于存儲當然某些關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系還是應(yīng)該存儲下來的，否則業(yè)務(wù)類也無從處理。在設(shè)計業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層時，將同一類的對象抽象封裝為一個類。</p><p>　　用ownertype去存該comment是對什么對象進行的評論，而ownerID確定下來被評論對象的id。然后建立兩個（或者更多視需求而定）視圖，在加載評論時就可以直接從視圖blog article comments中直接選擇。當然在添加評論的操作是放在擁有他的類的方法中的。因此，就可以比較容易得到其擁有著的類型。</p><p>　　4.3數(shù)據(jù)庫部署</p><p>　　整個系統(tǒng)分為三層，客戶層、業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層及數(shù)據(jù)訪問層，選擇SqlServer2000作為數(shù)據(jù)庫。項目使用asp.net作為開發(fā)平臺，用c#作為開發(fā)語言，相應(yīng)的使用IIS6.0作為WEB服務(wù)器。</p><p>　　本系統(tǒng)的兩種角色注冊用戶和管理員用戶的問題，在上面的類結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計時，我讓管理員繼承的注冊用戶類，這樣管理員就自然的擁有注冊用戶可以使用的所有權(quán)限，而它本身還可以擁有自己的權(quán)限，對學校的管理，對宿舍、專業(yè)及注冊用戶的管理。在頁面類設(shè)計時采用這樣的設(shè)計來確保使用頁面的權(quán)限問題。設(shè)計三個類BasePage、BasePageForLogin、BasePageForAdmin,這三個類都繼承自System.Web.UI.Page重載了Render方法，這樣就可以為同一級別的頁面（是指只能被某一級別用戶瀏覽的一系列頁面）繪制相同的導航條，使頁面的風格統(tǒng)一化；BasePage類來作為未注冊用戶可以瀏覽的頁面的基類， BasePageForLogin類作為只有注冊用戶才可以瀏覽頁面的基類，BasePageForAdmin類作為只有管理員才可以瀏覽頁面的基類。然后就可以在這些類的render方法中進行統(tǒng)一的權(quán)限設(shè)置及出錯管理。</p><p>　　參考文獻：</p><p>　　.高等教育現(xiàn)版社,2004年</p><script>s("content_relate");</script><p>【數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)中面向?qū)ο缶幊趟枷胝撐摹肯嚓P(guān)文章：</p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://m.1-jiu.com/bylw/lunwenfanwen/13081.html" 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