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圍手術(shù)期椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者實(shí)施心理干預(yù)的研究
[摘 要] 目的:觀察圍手術(shù)期椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者實(shí)施心理干預(yù)后的效果。方法:隨機(jī)選擇欲實(shí)施椎管內(nèi)麻醉的手術(shù)患者95例,ASA病情評(píng)估Ⅰ級(jí)~Ⅱ級(jí)。將患者隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組46例,對(duì)照組49例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組的患者在其手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中和手術(shù)后進(jìn)行心理干預(yù),對(duì)照組僅實(shí)施常規(guī)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理。術(shù)后72 h完成焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)測(cè)評(píng)及自編效果評(píng)分表的評(píng)分。結(jié)果:實(shí)施心理干預(yù)后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍手術(shù)期的情緒穩(wěn)定,血壓、脈搏正常,術(shù)后止痛效果滿意,腸蠕動(dòng)恢復(fù)及下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間較對(duì)照組顯著提前。結(jié)論:心理干預(yù)能減輕椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。。坳P(guān)鍵詞] 心理干預(yù);圍手術(shù)期;椎管內(nèi)麻醉
Discussion of Psychological Intervention on the Patients with Anesthesia in Vertebral Canal During the Period of Operation
Abstract:Objective Observe the effect of psychological intervention on the patients during the period of operation. Methods Choose 95 patients who intend to be anesthetized in vertebral canal at random and the evaluation of state of illness by means of ASA is Ⅰ~Ⅱ stage. The patients were divided into two groups at random; the experimental group consisted of 46 and the comparison group 49. The patients in experimental group were conducted with psychological intervention during the period of pre?operation, in?operation and post?operation, while the comparison group was only implemented the regular care of operation. The self?appraising?system (SAS) and self?editing?effect table were finished in 72hours after the operation. Results After the psychological intervention, the patients in experimental group presented the steady mood, normal blood pressure and pulse, satisfied acesodyne effect and the remarkable increase of intestine peristalsis and movementhours of off?bed compared with the comparison group. Conclusion The psychological intervention is conducive to alleviate the reaction of the patients with anesthesia in vertebral canal during the period of operation and facilitate their recovery.
Key words: Psychological intervention;The period during the operation; Anesthesia in vertebral canal
心理干預(yù)是指在心理理論的指導(dǎo)下,對(duì)個(gè)體和群體的心理健康問題和行為施加策略性影響,使之發(fā)生指向性預(yù)期目標(biāo)的變化;圍手術(shù)期是指患者在入院后手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中、手術(shù)后這段相連續(xù)的時(shí)間。為了測(cè)定心理干預(yù)對(duì)圍手術(shù)期椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者的影響程度,我們采取了以下的方法。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 對(duì)象選擇 從欲實(shí)施椎管內(nèi)麻醉的患者中隨機(jī)抽取95例,ASA病情評(píng)估I~I(xiàn)I級(jí)(見表1),男性50例,女性45例,年齡32歲~63歲,平均年齡47歲。其中闌尾切除術(shù)14例,前列腺摘除術(shù)12例,子宮次全切除術(shù)9例,膽總管結(jié)石摘除術(shù)11例,小腸切除術(shù)10例,大腸癌切除術(shù)10例,膽囊摘除術(shù)13例,胃大部切除術(shù)16例。手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中及手術(shù)后患者均為清醒狀態(tài),隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)組46例,對(duì)照組49例,兩組在性別、年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)分布、疾病種類間比較等均具有可比性,差異無顯著性 。
表1 病情評(píng)估(ASA)分級(jí)分級(jí) 略
1.2 方法 兩組椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者手術(shù)前各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備、手術(shù)中穿刺技術(shù)及護(hù)理、手術(shù)后處理均按常規(guī)操作進(jìn)行,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)組在手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中及手術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)采取下列干預(yù)措施。
1.2.1 對(duì)患者進(jìn)行健康指導(dǎo) 給患者講解手術(shù)的名稱、目的、過程麻醉方法及有關(guān)手術(shù)中和手術(shù)后的不適和應(yīng)對(duì)方法,使其了解椎管內(nèi)麻醉、手術(shù)、各項(xiàng)檢查等診療措施的必要性、重要性,消除患者對(duì)各項(xiàng)診療措施的恐懼和憂慮心理,并指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練。
1.2.2 穩(wěn)定患者情緒 給患者講解各項(xiàng)醫(yī)護(hù)措施的必要性、可靠性及安全性等。給予理解、同情、鼓勵(lì)與安慰,傾聽患者訴說,鼓勵(lì)患者表達(dá)自己的感情,尊重患者人格,消除既往與現(xiàn)在個(gè)人角色之間的差距,以適應(yīng)“患者”這一新的角色。鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行合理的活動(dòng)等分散患者的不良情緒,通過效果良好的類似病例現(xiàn)身說教,消除患者的負(fù)性情緒,以積極的態(tài)度面對(duì)相關(guān)檢查和治療。在患者情緒有所好轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),提出值得注意的行為問題以引起今后注意,并指出正確的適應(yīng)性行為。
1.2.3 指導(dǎo)患者采取適應(yīng)性行為 手術(shù)前和手術(shù)中運(yùn)用放松技術(shù)指導(dǎo)患者采取適應(yīng)性行為。在催眠狀態(tài)下對(duì)患者實(shí)施暗示療法,消除緊張情緒,提高患者的痛閾;指導(dǎo)患者咳嗽練習(xí)、呼吸練習(xí)、聽音樂、引導(dǎo)幻想、催眠、讀書及參加各種合適的活動(dòng)等,以達(dá)到心理的放松和安靜,緩解疼痛;醫(yī)護(hù)人員及家屬參加患者的自發(fā)調(diào)整,對(duì)患者的適當(dāng)積極行為表現(xiàn)給以正面的積極鼓勵(lì)和關(guān)心,以利于矯正不恰當(dāng)?shù)奶弁葱袨楸憩F(xiàn)[1]。手術(shù)后及時(shí)反饋手術(shù)完成情況,給予幫助和支持,繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)患者手術(shù)前訓(xùn)練的放松技術(shù),鼓勵(lì)患者下床活動(dòng),講明下床活動(dòng)對(duì)疾病治療的積極作用,針對(duì)不同的病
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