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托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典經(jīng)典(15篇)
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典1
托福獨立寫作模板:Agree/Disagree
Some people argue as if it is a general truth that a ...But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. There are numerous reasons why I hold no confidence on them, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.
The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant o the basic fact that...Explain...
Another reason why I disagree with the above statement is that I believe that...
What is more, some students are interested in...
In a word, ...
托福獨立寫作模板 Agree/Disagree
Some people prefer to A, others believe B, Nowadays some may hold the opinion that ..., but others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree/disagree that... MY arguments for this point are listed as follows.
One of the primary causes is that...
Examples...
But there is a further more subtle point we must consider. Examples.
What is more... Examples...
General speaking ... Recognizing the fact that ...should drive us to conclude that...
托福獨立寫作模板 Agree/Disagree
Nowadays, some may hold the opinion that ... But others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree that ... My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
I agree with the statement that ...without reservation since ...
Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that...
In a word, ... Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that...
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典2
對于托福獨立寫作來說,雖然模式簡單,但是需要清晰的論點,明確的論點。所以,對于我們的邏輯思維也是一種考驗。在托福寫作中,我們?nèi)绻覀兿胍@取高分,想要讓自己的托福內(nèi)容言之有物,最為重要的就是確立好自己的論點。下面我們就為大家詳細介紹一下在托福寫作中該如何確立自己的觀點。
1,要與論題相匹配。論題問的既然是提高生活質(zhì)量與否,一些無關(guān)緊要的改變就應該棄之不用,比如烹調(diào)時間縮短這一項改變,是事實,且未對生活質(zhì)量有直接明顯影響,就應該避免用作主要論點。
2,要能言之有物。這是再功利不過的一條標準。比如我自己提到了食物準備時間縮短能讓人性情改變,破題時覺得不無可能,真落筆時卻不知道由何說起,如果選了這一條為一個主要論點,結(jié)果是我說了一句話就走人,那還不如選個能下筆,能展示語言功底,也能顯示思維縝密的'寫作方向。
3,選擇的無論是2個還是3個論點,內(nèi)在一定要有聯(lián)系。這其實是整個立意階段的重頭。要立意,就是要明白自己表達的對象是什么,明確立場。然后站在這個立場上,挑選支持自己的論點。
托福寫作破題結(jié)束后,第二要做的重要事項便是整理托福行文寫作思路。破題過程其實是個發(fā)散思維的過程,而立意,則是要把思維收回來,組織化,理清它的脈絡紋路,讓他們按照自認為最有說服力的順序排列好,準備落于紙上的過程。這個說服力的強弱,應該以什么標準判斷呢?筆者認為,能說服讀者的議論,在論點選擇上應該遵循一個原則:
三個(或者兩個)論點不能在層面上有交叉,但要符合一條明線:支持全文觀點。而最打動讀者的論點選擇,不僅遵循上面的原則,三個看似不交叉的論點間還有一條暗線貫穿一致。令全文渾然天成,回味無窮。
立意的地一步,按照上面的原則看,當然是先確定觀點。以題目為例,筆者愿意選擇否,食物易于準備降低了人們的生活質(zhì)量。第一步踏出去了。
確定觀點后,破題時得到的思維方向,明顯不利于我的就應該排除。比如營養(yǎng)價值改變這一條,雖然速食文化的確對人體有害,但另一項速食:生疏和熟粗糧,就是向有益方向改變的,兩者勢均力敵,僅管是很容易想到,也很容易舉例論證的論點,卻不宜使用,因為如此貿(mào)然用了,有思維不縝密之嫌。然而,這畢竟是一塊好啃的骨頭,如果其他論點都不好論證,還可以回頭撿起這一條來,隱去健康速食那個事實進行作文,當然,這依然是下下之選。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典3
The most important leadership quality for CEOS?
For CEOs, creativity is now the most important leadership quality for success in business, outweighing even integrity and global thinking, according to a new study by IBM. The study is the largest known sample of one-on-one CEO interviews, with over 1,500 corporate heads and public sector leaders across 60 nations and 33 industries polled on what drives them in managing their companies in today's world.
Steven Tomasco, a manager at IBM Global Business Services, expressed surprise at this key finding, saying that it is "very interesting that coming off the worst economic conditions they'd ever seen, [CEOs] didn't fall back on management discipline, existing best practices, rigor, or operations. In fact, they [did] just the opposite."
About 60% of CEOs polled cited creativity as the most important leadership quality, compared with 52% for integrity and 35% for global thinking. Creative leaders are also more prepared to break with the status quo of industry, enterprise and revenue models, and they are 81% more likely to rate innovation as a "crucial capability."
Other key findings showed a large disparity between views of North American CEOs and those from other territories.
For example, in North America, 65% of CEOs think integrity is a top quality for tomorrow's leaders, whereas only 29-48% of CEOs in other territories view it as such.
Ironically, while company leaders in North America will bring more integrity to the job, they also expect far more regulation than foreign heads — both presumably reactions to negative public perception and heavy government intervention following the recession. A full 87% anticipate greater government oversight and regulation over the next five years — only 70% of CEOs in Europe hold this opinion, and 50% and 53% in Japan and China, respectively. Meanwhile, nearly double the amount of CEOs in China view global thinking as a top leadership quality, compared with Europe and North America.
The area of focus the regions can all agree on is customer focus: 88% of all CEOs, and an astounding 95% of standout leaders, believe getting closer to the customer is the top business strategy over the next five years.
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典4
托福寫作一向是中國學生比較頭疼的一個部分,考生常常感到無話可說,寫出來的句子不是錯誤連篇就是空無一物,完全是中文作文的翻譯版。而事實上,寫作屬于輸出型考試,沒有大量的輸入,是不可能有高質(zhì)量的輸出的。參加托?荚嚨暮芏喔咧猩蛘叽髮W非英語專業(yè)的學生恰恰缺乏的就是大量的高質(zhì)量的英語輸入。
《新概念英語》系列教材是市面上最暢銷的一套英語學習教材。因其作者亞歷山大為英國著名二語教學專家,因此所選課文語言地道,用詞精當。四本教材難度成梯度上升,其中新概念第三冊的難度最適合托福考生的需求,文章長度適中,布局謀篇都符合英美人思維方式。所用詞匯都是托福高頻詞匯。雖然辭藻不見得華麗,但遣詞造句之間頗見功力,而將一個平淡無奇的常用詞用得傳神恰好是新概念系列教材的精妙之處。因而新概念第三冊完全可以拿來為準備托福的考生使用。
托福獨立寫作評分標準在論證上提出了三點要求:1、 要有說理;2、 要有例子;3 、要有細節(jié)。這三條標準當中,中國學生最不缺的就是第一條。一個沒有經(jīng)過任何寫作訓練的考生寫出來的文章往往充滿了說理性的語句,并且都表達著同一個意思,缺少例子和細節(jié),顯得十分蒼白無力。而一個接受了一段時間托福寫作訓練的學生往往會在論證當中使用舉例說明的方法。無奈這類例子大多為假設,泛泛而談,語言空洞,很難有說服力。事實上,當我們在閱讀地道的英美人的文章時,我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn),英美人的文章中是充滿了細節(jié)的,而這才是中國學生在進行論證時最缺乏的。
細節(jié)分為兩個方面,一是語言的細化,主要體現(xiàn)在用詞的.準確性上,這是需要一段時間的積累加上特別訓練才能達到的。二是例子的細化,體現(xiàn)在描述的細致性上,要做到這一點,除了刻意加上一些人名地名,顯得描寫細致以外,還需要學生多看原味英語,細細體味。
例如《新概念3》的第44課speed and comfort中描述坐火車的無聊時就運用了很多細節(jié):Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling or fumbling to find your ticket for inspection. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
在這段當中,幾乎沒有純粹的說理,而是一直在描述一個我們感同身受的場景,細節(jié)頗多,讓人一看就很有認同感。這樣一種細節(jié)的堆砌無疑是很多說服力的,點滴之間,便讓人信服。
托福的官方指南(official guide)里也凸顯了細節(jié)的重要性。P264中給出的范文充分說明了這一點。這篇文章的作者講了一個情侶間不相互信任的故事,講得很完整,前因后果都交待清楚。而這篇文章只有一個分論點,只舉了一個例子,遣詞造句都很平庸,但是成績不低,關(guān)鍵點就在于此文對細節(jié)的描寫很到位。
因此我們的學生在進行托福獨立寫作的時候,要注意對于be more specific這一標準的把握。很多時候,細致的例子能夠彌補遣詞造句上的不足。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典5
大多數(shù)托福獨立寫作prompts都非常簡短,沒有任何相關(guān)背景或語境給出,同學們在解題時也很容易泛泛而談,難以打開思路或無法給出具體例證:
Your community has a piece of land and is considering introducing a business to this land. Which business would you prefer? a. a shopping mall b. a performing art center c. a hotel.
此類題目許多同學若選擇 performing art center 可能會談到藝術(shù)的重要性,好處(修身養(yǎng)性,開闊視野,social),以及 art center對自己社區(qū)居民的好處(如放松休閑),但往往無法給出具體例證或易于表達的例證和細節(jié),亦或是無法從其它角度給出 reasons。若是選擇 shopping mall, 許多同學更是除了convenient 外就再難從其它角度給出reasons. 此處不妨談談 your community 的情況,是在何種context里的一個 community? 1) Your community 是否已有shopping mall? art center? hotel? 有多少個?是否還需要? 2) Your community 是否有于題目相關(guān)的features?周邊情況?
1 Shopping Mall
此題若選 shopping mall,可給出背景如: my community 已有6個hotels,3個performance arts centers ,卻并沒有shopping mall. 接下來例證細節(jié)可詳細吐槽無shopping mall帶來的不便。
第二個論點若一時無別的idea可寫也沒關(guān)系,可直接在上個論點基礎上擴展,再從hotels和arts centers這兩處吐槽: 6個hotels,3個arts centers常年都沒有被充分利用 (those hotels and performance arts centers were not fully used), 有的hotels甚至都要倒閉了。顯然再建hotels之類的是無用 (will be useless/ will be of no use)且費錢的。
2 Hotel
Likewise, 若選hotel,可給出背景如: my community is right next to a national park,然而卻只有一個hotel且常常爆滿,facilities也out-of-date,七八個shopping malls卻沒人逛,三個art centers也沒能得到充分使用 。
注意此處context的構(gòu)建要考慮所需支持的觀點,去national park的游客大多都需要hotel,但對七八個shopping malls的需求量則不大 (不至于大多都要瘋狂掃貨,愛馬仕勞力士什么的.買一堆),因而可支持get one more hotel rather than shopping mall.
此處若將national park改為Disney park可能就不夠convincing了(參考香港Disney為例,旁邊一站就是東薈城CityGate,大家懂的)。
3 Art Centre
若選art center,可給出背景: my community is right next to three art universities,然而卻沒有一個art center。學生演出不方便需驅(qū)車去別的城市。另外,若 build an art center,也可以create more job opportunities給這些學校的students.
此類極端虛構(gòu)法在很多別的類似題目(幾乎所有選擇類題目)上也適用,解題快準狠,希望大家可以做到舉一反三:
The government needs to decrease its annual budget due to the global financial crisis, which one aspect below do you think the government should focus more of its limited budgets on? a. education b. health care c. support for unemployed.
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典6
In current society, according to the survey conducted by a newspaper titled China Daily, the study burden on the shoulder of students is increasingly heavier, which has attracted widespread public attention. When it come to what parents can do to help their children’s study, many people, if not most, are strong believers of the claim that parents should finish their kids’ homework for the purpose of relieving the study pressure. However, as far as I am concerned, parents are supposed to guide their children to complete their homework independently, for having a better command of knowledge imparted in class and cultivating their independent thinking ability.
First and foremost, it is undeniable that finishing homework by themselves can help children better absorb the knowledge they obtained. As is known to all, the purpose of assigning homework to students is to review what they learned in the class. In other words, teachers will view their assignments as a yardstick to evaluate how well their students have absorbed the knowledge. For example, a history teacher may require his students to write a paper about the Independence War after briefly introducing the background and process of this war. Due to the lack of sufficient information about this subject, kids may turn to their parents for help. Some parents may do everything for their children, including collecting data, outlining the whole article and even finishing the paper. However, other parents may just provide some information sources and ask their kid to select relevant information and design the structure of the article. After finishing the paper, those who finish it independently have understood the whole process of Independent War, while those who do not complete by themselves forget what they learned quickly.
Furthermore, it is indisputable that doing assignment independently can foster children’s ability of solving problems on their ow
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典7
新托?荚嚨淖詈笠徊糠质菍懽鳎罂忌鷮2篇文章,第一篇叫做綜合寫作(Integrated writing),讓考生用3分鐘時間先讀一篇約250字的文章,然后聽一段2分鐘關(guān)于對所讀內(nèi)容的評論。再讓考生寫一篇150到225個字的文章。這篇文章的寫作滿分詳解及滿分模板作者早已給出。
第二篇作文叫獨立寫作,和筆考、機考均無兩樣,給定考生一熟悉的話題,讓考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫一篇300字的文章。典型的問法是:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement- One should never judge a person by external appearance. Use specific reasons and details to support you answer。不少同學又跟筆者要獨立寫作滿分詳解及滿分模板。實際上獨立寫作詳解和模板筆者在很多年前便給出了模板,但不知何故網(wǎng)上和筆者的電腦中再也尋不著。只有提起筆來結(jié)合筆者再次參加新托福考試的經(jīng)驗給各位同學重新總結(jié)新托福獨立寫作模板和高分寫作技巧。
評分標準1:effectively addresses the writing topic and task。
要求考生有效地闡明主題,考生千萬不要跑題。從筆者的'教學經(jīng)驗看,考生全部跑題現(xiàn)象較少,但是局部跑題現(xiàn)象十分嚴重,這也是考生不能輕取高分的緣故。
評分標準2:well organized and well developed
邏輯條理清楚,發(fā)展充分。每次作者在講寫作時總是把它和閱讀相對照。各位考生要想拿到獨立寫作滿分必須真正理解八股文的結(jié)構(gòu),千萬不要寫中國式的八股文,而應寫出美式八股文。
評分標準3:uses specific details and examples to support you view 。
考生的論據(jù)一定要具體、明確,且對論點有支持作用,而不能空洞和泛泛而談。
評分標準4:displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom。
(通過譴詞造句和習慣表達來展示語言的熟練程度)這一點是各位考生經(jīng)常忽視, 迷惘和不清楚的一點。新托福作文占總分120分的30分。我們對大家的要求是在作文上花的時間既要少又要拿高分,至少28分。凡是想拿到28分甚至滿分以上的同學一定要注意此項評分標準。能用first千萬不要用firstly,能用finally千萬不要用last but not least. 不少同學花了很多功夫背這一外國人都不用的詞組,能用常用的詞千萬不要用偏詞,同時我們要熟練掌握ETS喜歡的5大語法結(jié)構(gòu)和2種從句。
作文要不要寫-當然要寫,但我建議考生不要寫的太多,寫一篇要像一篇,最好讓行家改2-3篇。我曾經(jīng)碰到一個學生把185篇中的184篇均寫了。拿給我看,結(jié)果同樣的錯誤在184篇均反復出現(xiàn),讓我哭笑不得,一問才知說是老師這么教的。學托福需要勤奮,但像這種勤奮就等于浪費青春歲月。
作文要不要背-最好不要通篇背,可以背一些經(jīng)典的句型。倘若真要背,一定要認準此篇作文是范文的情況下才能背。
這4個評分標準哪條更重要-這主要取決于考生對作文考分的期望值。若要考滿分,此4點均重要。千萬不能跑題,一跑題可就是0分了。考試費也就白交了。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典8
1.托福獨立寫作得5分情況
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Effectively addresses the topic and task
●Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence
●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors
2.托福獨立寫作得4分情況
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
●Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifi-cations, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
●Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiom-atic language that do not interfere with meaning
3.托福獨立寫作得3分情況
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured
●May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
●May display accurate, but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
4.托福獨立寫作得2分情況
An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:
● Limited development in response to the topic and task
●Inadequate organization or connection of ideas
●Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generaliza-tions in response to the task
●A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms
●An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
5.托福獨立寫作得1分情況
An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:
●Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
●Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task
●Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
6.托福獨立寫作得0分情況
An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not con-nected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典9
動靜結(jié)合總相宜
例1:她按時到校上學。
動態(tài)句:She attends school regularly.
靜態(tài)句:Her attendance at school is regular.
例2:他擁有一所房子。
動態(tài)句:He possesses a house.
靜態(tài)句:He is in possession of a house.
技巧小結(jié):中文習慣動詞占優(yōu)勢,但是英語里面靜態(tài)詞匯(名詞、介詞、副詞、形容詞等)占優(yōu)勢。所以在寫作時同學們應該考慮英語句子靜態(tài)特征的表達。
具體抽象互補足
例3:她的'樸素衣著使他顯得更美。
具體句:Her simple dress adds to her beauty.
抽象句:The simplicity of her dress adds to her beauty.
例4:溫暖的房間使我昏昏欲睡。
具體句:The warm room made me sleepy.
抽象句:The warmth of the room made me sleepy.
技巧小結(jié):中文表達重具體,英文表達重抽象。
物稱人稱相交替
例5: 我永遠忘不了這個教訓。
人稱主語:
I will neverforget the lesson.
物稱主語:
The lesson willbe rootedin my memory forever.
例6: 不同的團隊成員對工作有不同的態(tài)度。
人稱主語:
Different team members have different attitudes towards work.
物稱主語:
Attitudes towards work vary from person to person.
技巧小結(jié):英語主語常用人稱和物稱兩種形式表達。物稱主語注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”,人稱主語側(cè)重“什么人怎么樣”。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典10
托福寫作的評分標準
新托福寫作考試由兩部分組成:綜合寫作和獨立寫作。
綜合寫作:考生先閱讀一篇短文,再聽一段相關(guān)內(nèi)容的講座錄音,講座的演講者直接討論短文中的觀點,要求考生把演講者就短文觀點發(fā)表的看法寫成一篇摘要。
獨立寫作:要求考生針對某一話題發(fā)表個人的觀點,并用具體的理由和事例來支持自己的觀點。每篇作文都由兩位評分人員根據(jù)統(tǒng)一的評分標準,在0~5分的范圍內(nèi)評分(只給整數(shù)分數(shù)),而后取平均值,最后將這個平均值轉(zhuǎn)換為30分制。
綜合寫作評分標準
1.內(nèi)容的完整性和準確性。簡單地說,就是文章是否有將講座中的關(guān)鍵信息點完整、準確地提取出來(通常情況下有三點),并和閱讀材料中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容有效地一一對應。如果講座中的信息點有缺失,那么會有一定程度的扣分;如果只寫了有關(guān)閱讀材料的觀點,得1分。
2.文章的組織機構(gòu),詞匯和語法的正確性和準確性。高分的作文需要做到條理清晰,結(jié)構(gòu)連貫,用詞恰當,能夠準確地表達講座中的觀點與閱讀材料中的觀點是如何相互聯(lián)系的,只要作文中的錯誤不至于使內(nèi)容表述出現(xiàn)誤解,一些偶爾出現(xiàn)的語言錯誤,如單詞拼寫、單復數(shù)問題等,不會對作文成績產(chǎn)生很大影響,當然,錯誤肯定是越少越好的。
獨立寫作評分標準
1.有效回應題目,闡明文章主題。一般來說,獨立寫作完全跑題的情況很少,但是很多考生在展開討論時所采用的論據(jù),比較容易出現(xiàn)跟主題關(guān)聯(lián)性不大的情況,即局部答非所問的現(xiàn)象,從而影響了得分。
2.邏輯條理清楚,論證充分展開。這一點的關(guān)鍵在于文章論證的展開,是否提供了大量的細節(jié)和例子來支持觀點,而非泛泛而談地說理。比如說某位同學的英文寫作能力很強,我光說很強,很厲害,寫得很好都很表面,但是我如果說這位同學托福寫作考了29分,那么就是很細節(jié)很有說服力的論據(jù)了。
3.內(nèi)容連貫一致,銜接自然流暢。達到內(nèi)容連貫一致的文章通常全文圍繞中心論點展開,而不會論據(jù)自相矛盾,也不會重復論證,有時候通過一些表示因果、先后、遞進的關(guān)系連詞可以起到粘合劑的作用。
4.遣詞造句地道,語言駕馭嫻熟。托福考試終究是語言考試,最終還是要考查考生的語言運用能力,但是要注意的是,并不是要求考生通篇都用難詞偏語長句,而是要會變化著用一些美國人常用的語句把自己的想法表達清楚,所以建議考生盡量多閱讀和模仿英文原版材料,這樣寫出來的文章才能夠原汁原味。
提升寫作能力的重要性
由托福評分標準可見,托福寫作能力是語言運用的精髓與核心,對于在外國留學的中國學生,尤其是有志于進入文商科領(lǐng)域的學生來說,“寫”是一條生命線,直接關(guān)乎課業(yè)和工作的成敗。以寫作形式提交的測試或者論文占據(jù)了GPA的極大比重,這事實上對于母語非英文的亞洲學生來說是利好的,如果沒有以書面形式呈現(xiàn)的作業(yè),一般來說稍顯內(nèi)向的學生很難在激烈的英語課堂辯論中占據(jù)任何優(yōu)勢。從更深層次上來說,“寫”代表了個人內(nèi)心聲音的傾訴,展現(xiàn)了理解知識的深度和思考的結(jié)晶,鐫刻了一個人的思想由青澀到成熟的印記。而到了工作階段,對于任何與文商科有關(guān)的職業(yè),例如律師,會計師,分析師,翻譯,記者等等來說,寫作都是最基本與核心的質(zhì)素,無論是撰寫報告,公文,信函……寫作的重要性常常為學生們所忽視,因此到了大學和工作之后往往要加倍償還。
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大部分的學生在托福寫作中所展現(xiàn)出來的英文寫作問題主要集中在以下幾點:
一、邏輯匱乏
連貫地把一個觀點言之成理地表達出來,是完成任何寫作任務的第一要務,在英文寫作中尤其要注意兩點,第一,不要被辭藻的華美和句式的復雜繞進去了,英文應該以幾個關(guān)鍵詞為骨架,再以此為基礎進行增刪修飾,所以不要文過飾非,表達片段化;第二,對于低齡學員來說,尤其要注意平行論點之間是否有重疊,交叉的地方,同時,要注意事實,結(jié)果和基準之間是否處在一條直線上,是否在邏輯上具有一致性。
二、論據(jù)意識不強
托福寫作評分標準當中對于“事實和論據(jù)”有著明確的要求,“口水話”是任何應試型寫作的大忌。論據(jù)的積累事實上也應該成為寫作教學的重要一環(huán),其中理論型的論據(jù)需要教師的講解和提煉,也需要學生“思接千載,視通萬里”,不局限于單一科目,把多門學科當中的原理和事實融入進論點的闡發(fā)過程,比如心理學中的“延遲滿足”效應,經(jīng)濟學里“馬太效應”等等,都應該是寫作可以信手拈來的材料,但是這一塊是傳統(tǒng)的寫作教學比較忽視的;而事實論據(jù)也是大有文章可做的,最可靠的是數(shù)字,對數(shù)字的敏感度的培養(yǎng)應該從小開始,不能成為短板;其次是概括性的事實,大部分的低齡學員在抽象概括能力上需要嚴格的訓練,在初期需要思維模型的打造,比如判定一種行為的利弊,可以借用“個人-社區(qū)-社會”的經(jīng)典分層,或者在工作類的話題上,對不同類型的職業(yè)進行單獨分析……
最后要強調(diào)的.是具體事例,此處必須明確的一點是具體事例寫作絕對不等同把個人經(jīng)歷做成流水賬,而是要加以概括,把枝枝葉葉的部分砍掉,把意識流一般的敘事套進一個整飭的模具當中,這個模具就是段落的大意和行文的邏輯。
三、遣詞造句不地道
托福的閱卷人不知道看過多少篇以 “with the development of society”(隨著社會的發(fā)展)開頭的作文,這種毫無個人創(chuàng)建的模板化也只能保證一個更加平庸的分數(shù)。其次,玩弄大詞,不用小詞,不區(qū)分書面語和口語,都是由于平時不閱讀,不積累,所造成的壞賬和惡果。8歲時就出版?zhèn)人專著《飛揚的手指》,12歲就走上TED演講臺的美國華裔神童鄒奇奇(Adora Svitak)從三歲就開始博覽群書,去聽一聽她的那篇名為《成年人能從孩子身上學到什么》的演講,我們或許可以知道,任何神童和奇跡的產(chǎn)生,都是“積跬步”和“積小流”的結(jié)果。
四、冗余現(xiàn)象嚴重
如果我們試著把一段中文翻譯成英文,再把這段譯文和典范的英文進行對比,就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)人的翻譯都要比典范英文長一截。這恰恰是寫作剛剛?cè)腴T,又無法達到精通程度的學生最容易遇到的問題。英文寫作的原則應該是“l(fā)ess is more”,寫得精煉遠遠好于長篇大論,如若英文寫作要從中低端邁入高端,這背后需要調(diào)動介詞,比如“otherwise”這種介詞,80%的學生都不會用,或者害怕用;此外,把從句以合成詞的方式的呈現(xiàn)出來,用上data-driven這樣的結(jié)構(gòu),此處不一一贅述。
綜上所述,英文寫作首先是一種審美教育。審美是任何有效語言學習的最佳入門途徑,語文課上,不少人因為《春江花月夜》“江畔何人初見月,江月何年初照人”這樣讓人震撼的名句而愛上了這門學科,而英文的審美力量常常為模式化的教學所忽視。讀原著,是長期構(gòu)建英文寫作能力的核心所在,例如我們?nèi)绻行易x一讀愛德華·吉本的《羅馬帝國衰亡史》,會看到,羅馬帝國“囊括世上最美之疆域”,在其“古老聲威與嚴整軍容”的震懾下,敵軍不敢來犯,市民“盡享富庶生活,甚而奢華揮霍”。(The Empire “comprehended the fairest part of the earth”. Rome’s enemies were kept at bay by “ancient renown and disciplined valour”. Citizens “enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury”.)用詞之準確精妙,如果不經(jīng)過長期的培養(yǎng)和學習,是無論如何也現(xiàn)想不來的。
其次,英文寫作也是一種思維訓練。隨著學力的增長,不同等級的標準化考試對于邏輯的要求也會越來越高。從托福的角度來說,可能觀點行文言之成理即可,而到了SAT階段,則把明確地提煉出作者態(tài)度,謀篇布局,并對其高明之處進行剖析的能力列入了考察范圍,光靠死記硬背,顯然是難以應付這一階段考試的。而到了申請研究生的時候,GRE,GMAT和LSAT的作文考試,邏輯就成了重中之重,簡單來說,在分析題干的時候,對論斷的合理性和不合理性都應該有所論述,并且要分析出在何種情況下和何種程度中該觀點為合理或者不合理,沒有訓練過的學員,一定是在考場上最手足無措的那一群人。
我們要做的就是將托福寫作題目分類,并進行相應的優(yōu)化。托福作文題目的難度體現(xiàn)最主要就是在作文題目越來越抽象,越來越不容易想到理由。其實,當面對這些題目的時候,很多人總會把自己投入一個怪圈,單純的死扣這個問題,而不是試圖將它擴展或者細化。 作文最忌諱的就是就事論事,不作任何擴展。
最后,英文寫作也是一種品質(zhì)訓練。寫作能力不是天生的,一定是養(yǎng)成的,任何資質(zhì)的孩子通過適當?shù)呐嘤柡团囵B(yǎng),都有可能成為一個合格的寫作者。但是,知易行難,不喜歡動筆寫是大多數(shù)人的通病,寫作也是思路整理和思維鍛煉的過程,更是考驗人的毅力和定力的時刻。在適當?shù)臅r候,將寫作養(yǎng)成習慣需要借助外力,需要定期的督促和修改。注意到寫作能力的重要性,亡羊補牢,為時未晚,否則咱們的孩子到了國外之后,在語言上如何和外國的同齡人抗衡呢?
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典11
托福的寫作部分歷來是中國考生的強項。正因如此,在寫作部分,備考托福想拿高分的同學們更是不能掉以輕心。在托福獨立寫作中,想要清晰的確立文章的思路內(nèi)容和主題,最為關(guān)鍵的就是如何寫好他的開頭。在文章開頭的部分,我們又該關(guān)注到哪些問題呢?今天結(jié)合實例著重介紹托福獨立寫作兩步四句開篇法,希望能為大家的托福寫作帶來幫助。
一般來說,開篇段落的寫作可分為兩大步驟:
第一步就是用簡潔明了的句子對原題目的意思進行同義替換;
第二步是提出自己的觀點。
這兩大步驟細化起來可以概括為四句話:
第一句,采用同義替換的方式對原題目的`意思進行更改,當然是“形變神不變”;
第二句,對題目的意思進行解釋;
第三句,提出自己的觀點;
第四句,概括自己所提出觀點的理由,引起下文。
下面結(jié)合一些比較容易出錯的題目來解釋“兩大步,四個句子”的具體運用方法。
案例1:誤解原意思。
Do you agree or disagree: Because people are busy with doing so many things, they can do few things well?
Original:
Some people may hold the view that they are able to do things well even if they are busy with doing so many things simultaneously or during a given period. Although plausible at the first glance, I disagree with the statement. Depending on my own personal experience and personality, I firmly maintain that people can do few things well when they are busy with doing so many things. My arguments of this opinion are listed as follows.
解析:
文章第一句話不是對原題目意思進行解釋,而是采用采取了和原意思相反的做法來進行題目詮釋;第二句表明自己對誤解題目的觀點;第三句話對自己的觀點進行近一步的解釋;第四句一個過渡性的句子。開篇內(nèi)容安排倒是很好,但是作者犯了誤解原題目意思的錯誤導致后面整個文字都做了無用功。
Revised:
When people are engaged in a large extent of work simultaneously, they will not be able to perform all of them perfectly. Just imagine how terrible it will be: too many jobs need to be done by the same person in a given time. Once such a picture appears in my mind, I feel dizzy. To me, it is impossible to do everything well with the limited energy and many others factors .Therefore , I agree with the statement too many things to be done at the same time cause few to be well done . The reasons are as follow.
第一句話對原題目意思進行了很好的詮釋;第二、三句話進一步解釋原題目;第四句話提出自己的觀點;第五句話過渡性句子引起下文。
案例2 :語言羅嗦,繞彎子給出自己觀點,浪費時間。
Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a longer time. Which of these situations do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Original:
With the development of science and technology, people’s living standard has been improving day by day. According to the family plan, one couple could have only one child. So child becomes the center of the whole family. Some of them are even spoiled. Therefore, I think it is better if the young adult could live independent from their parents as soon as possible.
解析:
這個開頭看似沒有任何問題,但是仔細分析就會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多問題。首先,作者繞了個大彎才給出自己的觀點。其次,觀點是對原題目的抄寫,改動的比較少。最后,開篇缺少引起下文的過渡句。更大的錯誤是這個開頭更像是一個全文主要觀點的一個分論點。
Revised:
As we all know, some young adults have the sense of independence in a special period so that they want to choose to live apart from their family, while others still choose to stay with parents in the family. Family can provide young adults a warm bay where he or she could turn to whenever any problems arise. However, considering the sound development of the young adult both mentally and physically, I think to live independently the earlier, the better. Independence is a lesson that each of us must face one day. The detailed reasons are listed below.
解析:
第一句話詮釋原題目意思;句話進一步解釋第一句話;第三句話提出自己的觀點;第四句話解釋自己的觀點,引出下文。
通過以上的范例,同學可能對這個方法有了或多或少的理解。還希望同學們通過真題演練,更好的掌握這個技巧。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典12
下面與各位托?忌窒淼氖仟毩懽鲬嚰记桑
01分配時間
30分鐘,轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝,在托福獨立寫作上必須要分秒必爭,對每一個環(huán)節(jié)要了然于胸。動筆前3-5分鐘先構(gòu)思,心里要布置一個框架,寫完后需要3-5分鐘檢查。所以實際的寫作時間只有差不多20分鐘。
02 切題
仔細閱讀問題或者論點,寫得再好,如果離題了一切都是扯淡。
03 頭腦風暴
在下筆之前要進行一兩個頭腦風暴,想一個最佳切入點去寫
04 列提綱
構(gòu)思你的文章,列提綱的時候不需要面面俱到,有時甚至連阿拉伯數(shù)字也不需要寫,就一行幾個關(guān)鍵字,寫文章的時候看著這些關(guān)鍵字去展開。
05 邏輯性
整篇文章必須是有邏輯性的,一般托福獨立寫作文章分為3個部分,第一部分:引入話題,通常就一個段落,或者幾句話。第二部分:文章主體,通常由2-3個段落組成。第三部分:總結(jié),通常也是一個段落或者幾句話。
06 有理有據(jù)
托福寫作切忌只有理論,一定要有理有據(jù)才可以打動人。所以每次給出一個論點的.時候,一定記得要給出一個相應的實例。
07 信號詞
無論你想表達的是并列的思想,還是轉(zhuǎn)折的事情,亦或是其他,最好有一個信號詞。比如講到遞進關(guān)系的時候,可以用furthermore,what’s more, moreover等。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的可以用However,but,nevertheless等。
08 句式
句式變化要豐富,長短句結(jié)合,簡單句和復雜句結(jié)合。這樣可以使得整篇文章看起來錯落有致,妙趣橫生。
09 檢查文章
最后關(guān)頭別去想是不是要增加新的論點了。檢查一下有沒有出現(xiàn)低級錯誤,比如首字母是否大寫,拼寫錯誤,語法錯誤,或者標點錯誤。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典13
提問法是以問題為導向,引起讀者興趣,引導你的`讀者跟隨你的思路走進你的思維世界。請參見下面的例子:
1. There has been undesirable trend in recent years towards the worship of money. A recent survey showed that X percent of respondents ranked getting rich as their top priority, compared to X percent only a few years ago . Why do people fail to realize that wealth does not necessarily bring happiness ?(提問法)
2. Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child ? Opinions concerning strict parental discipline vary widely . Some view strict discipline as nothing more than a form of abuse , while others argue it is an essential factor for instilling appropriate social behavior .(提問法)
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典14
托福獨立寫作主體段寫法技巧(單觀點篇)
托福獨立寫作對于不少托?忌鷣碚f是取得高分難以逾越的一道鴻溝,這不僅需要大量的練習,還需要掌握其中的訣竅。今天,小編為各位考生帶來托福獨立寫作主題段單觀點的寫法點撥,希望對各位考生有所幫助。
對于獨立寫作我們通常都會選擇五段式結(jié)構(gòu),這個結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個主體段,按照題型我們可以將寫作類型分為三個:支持反對類(單觀點)、對比比較類(雙觀點)、自主定義類。首先我們要明確一下定義,單觀點話題就是說題目只要求考生表明自己的態(tài)度,支持或反對,并且題目中沒有任何要求拿來作比較的對象。今天,小編就為各位考生分析一下有關(guān)單觀點類題目的寫作技巧,下面是一道典型的題目:
Topic 20xx.11.3
People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.
這道題就是一道典型的單觀點題目,那些因為有足夠的錢而不去工作的人,他們鮮少開心。
針對單觀點話題主體段的展開有兩種方式,舉例我們支持是A觀點,先來看第一種寫法。
1. A+A+A
這種寫法代表著我們需要用三個理由支持自己的選擇。
Topic:It is desirable to know about events from all over the world even if it is unlikely to have any effect on your daily life.
了解世界各地發(fā)生的事情是好的,縱使這些事不會對我們的日常生活產(chǎn)生任何影響。
1. To begin with, being aware of these cultural events means having more topics for communication.
2. In addition, learning news about science is necessary for us to form correct world views in todays fast-changing society.
3. In the end, understanding political incidents serves as an excellent method to broaden our horizons.
在這種寫法里考生可舉出了三個論點正向支持自己的態(tài)度,認為了解這些事情是必要的。但是這種寫法并不適用于每個考生,因為對于大部分考生來說,要一口氣想到主體段的三個理由是有難度的,需要較為豐富的素材積累和較快地反應速度才能做到。因此,大部分考生在寫作過程中傾向于選擇讓步段的寫作方式,可以快速簡單有效地解決主體段分論點。下面我們來看第二種寫法。
2. A+A+(-A)
這種寫法代表,前兩個論點正向表達考生的觀點,最后一個主體段讓步一下,以達到全面看待topic的效果。在此引用一個例子:
Scientists should be responsible for negative impacts of their discoveries?
Disagree
1. The aim and motivation of scientists research is to transform the world and improve peoples life.
2. The results of most discoveries are advantageous to our society.
3. Admittedly, we should not overlook that in some cases, scientists inventions lead to negative impacts.However, this kind of impact often is not created by scientists. It could be the consequence of peoples improper use.
這道題我們的寫法依然是先用兩個理由解釋我們?yōu)槭裁闯址磳Φ?態(tài)度,然后再用一個相反的觀點削弱我們的態(tài)度,從而達到全面看待問題的效果。最后一個觀點的邏輯是,雖然承認有負面影響,但同時為科學開脫:這些消極的影響并非出自科學家之手,而是由于人們的不恰當使用造成的。
托福獨立寫作經(jīng)典15
一個字眼,一個是題,心里要滿裝著題目,一個字一個標點也要看得清清楚楚,不可以有哪怕一個空格的疏漏。另一個是破,要對題目里的每一個單詞都細嚼慢咽,深刻理解,讀過了的詞如百步穿楊,準確無誤的明了其所指,這也包括該單詞的引申含義,言外之義。
此處將以從OG提供的195道例題中隨機抽的一題為例,進行詳細示范。
Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
我們看見了一個nowadays,指的是現(xiàn)代生活,現(xiàn)今時代,今年甚至是今天,也就是我們正在每天體驗的生活。我們又看到food,今天的人們有什么吃的呢?健康飲食理念者愛吃生疏加熟粗糧,不健康飲食理念者也有肯德基麥當勞。兒童有糖果餅干果凍,大街上隨處都有的.買。正規(guī)家居過日子的人也有各種原料和佐料等著下廚。這個food指的是什么呢?繼續(xù)看,food has become easier to prepare,有個比較級,是要和誰比較,比較什么?
從to prepare判斷,原來是比較準備出食物的難易程度,這不可能是和人們還不知為何狀的未來的食物相比,那么就是和過去,也就是和傳統(tǒng)食物相比了。這個比較可以從多種角度入手。
圍繞著現(xiàn)代食物比較容易準備,我們能夠輕易想到的有:準備時間縮短了,食用方式可能改變,營養(yǎng)價值可能改變,人們烹調(diào)時的心情改變,食用心情改變,對身體的長遠影響改變,烹調(diào)方面節(jié)省下來的時間可以用在其它方面,導致生活節(jié)奏改變,生活重心改變,長此以往情趣格調(diào)改變,興趣愛好改變,乃至性情改變等等等等。
從題目給出的條件,我們得到了這么多可能的后果,那么題目問的是什么呢?has this change improved the way people live ?大汗無語中,從上面的破題結(jié)論看來,這個論題有著太多的選擇方向。那么多可以改變的條目,我們選什么做立意之根本呢?請看:新托福獨立寫作技巧解析之思路立意篇
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