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      1. 考研英語閱讀理解?碱}型分析

        時(shí)間:2023-07-19 10:21:27 詩琳 考研英語 我要投稿
        • 相關(guān)推薦

        考研英語閱讀理解常考題型分析

          考研閱讀理解要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系,理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系。下面是小編分享的考研英語閱讀理解常考題型分析,一起來看一下吧。

        考研英語閱讀理解?碱}型分析

          詞匯含義題

          詞匯含義題幾乎是歷年考研英語閱讀理解的必考題型。這一題型主要考查考生根據(jù)上下文理解生詞含義的能力。通常來說,考生只需重點(diǎn)理解詞匯所在句子的前后一兩句話即可。

          要想通過上下文判斷生詞含義,考生就要學(xué)會(huì)判斷生詞所在句子與其上下文的關(guān)系:若該詞所在句子與其上下文有邏輯或事實(shí)上的順承關(guān)系(下文統(tǒng)稱“順接”),那么該詞與其上下文所表達(dá)的含義或感情色彩應(yīng)該相一致;若該詞所在句子與其上下文有邏輯或事實(shí)上的相反關(guān)系(下文統(tǒng)稱“逆接”),那么該詞與其上下文所表達(dá)的含義或感情色彩應(yīng)該相反。判斷生詞所在句子與其上下文是“順接”或“逆接”關(guān)系有助于考生判斷生詞的感情色彩和大概意思。下面我們來分析一道真題。

          例1:The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, para.1) is closest in meaning to . (選自2012年考研英語閱讀理解真題Part A Text 2)

          A. condemning B. reaffirming

          C. dishonoring D. securing

          解析:考生可根據(jù)題干括號(hào)里的提示迅速在原文第一段第三行找到目標(biāo)詞組。因該詞組所在句子為段尾句,考生可著重分析該詞組所在句子與其上文的關(guān)系,原文如下:“A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.”原文第一句話中的except一詞是重要解題點(diǎn):except之前的句子表示“遵照規(guī)定執(zhí)行”之意,而其之后的內(nèi)容與前文發(fā)生“逆接”,由此可推測Entergy公司并未遵照規(guī)定執(zhí)行。第二句是“順接”第一句話的后半部分繼續(xù)闡述,由此可推測整句話表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是Entergy公司未按照規(guī)定執(zhí)行的具體內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第二句話中的provoked justified outrage可進(jìn)一步確定Entergy公司的做法是違背規(guī)定的,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有dishonoring (拒絕兌現(xiàn))一詞能表達(dá)出這層含義。Condemning表示“譴責(zé)”之意,不符合原文意思。Reaffirming和securing表達(dá)的都是積極肯定的含義,與原文表達(dá)的意思和感情色彩相反。因此正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

          主旨標(biāo)題題

          主旨標(biāo)題題是考研英語閱讀理解的常考題型之一。這一題型的題干中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)諸如main idea、general idea、meanly discuss、best title之類的詞,主要考查考生對(duì)某一段或整篇文章主旨的理解。

          在解答這一題型時(shí),考生不要拘泥于文章細(xì)節(jié),而是要跳過細(xì)節(jié)抓主旨。文章的主旨往往出現(xiàn)在文章的首尾段中,段落的主旨則往往出現(xiàn)在該段的首尾句中。因此,解答主旨標(biāo)題題的關(guān)鍵通常在于把握文章首尾段和段落首尾句的含義。下面我們來看一道真題。

          例2:Which of the following would be the best title for the text? (選自2008年考研英語閱讀理解真題Part A Text 1)

          A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

          B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

          C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

          D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

          解析:該題表面上要求考生為文章選標(biāo)題,實(shí)則考查考生對(duì)全文主旨的理解。該題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中都出現(xiàn)了stress一詞,由此可確定文章一定與stress相關(guān),接下來我們就來看文章的首尾段,從中挖掘全文主旨。

          首段:While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

          尾段:Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 通過閱讀首尾段考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩段中多次出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞為stress和women,主要闡述的是女性受到的壓力。通過這一點(diǎn)考生可排除選項(xiàng)A和C,因?yàn)檫@兩項(xiàng)中都未出現(xiàn)與女性(或性別)相關(guān)的詞匯。選項(xiàng)B表述的是不同性別的人面對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng),但文章首尾段中并未說明男性面對(duì)壓力的情況,由此可推測此項(xiàng)為錯(cuò)誤答案。選項(xiàng)D的表述與文章首尾段的表述相一致,為正確答案。為確保萬無一失,考生可快速瀏覽文章其他段的首尾句,確定其他段同樣沒有闡述不同性別的人面對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng),由此徹底排除選項(xiàng)B。

          事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

          事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題是考研英語閱讀理解的重要題型,往往占閱讀題目的一半左右,主要考查考生對(duì)原文某一細(xì)節(jié)的理解?忌煞秩絹響(yīng)對(duì)這一題型:①根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位;②分析在原文定位到的答案信息;③將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文信息進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,選出正確答案。下面我們就按這三步來解答一道真題。

          例3:According to Ericsson, good memory . (選自2007年考研英語閱讀理解真題Part A Text 1)

          A. depends on meaningful processing of information

          B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises

          C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors

          D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration

          解析:第一步,通過題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Ericsson,考生可將答案信息定位至原文第四段:“This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person ‘encodes’ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.”

          第二步,通過分析這段話,考生可迅速提煉出Ericsson的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn):① The act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. ② Deliberate practice is the best way to learn how to encode information.

          第三步,考生來對(duì)比分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文信息。通過分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),選項(xiàng)B的表述不符合Ericsson的第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),選項(xiàng)C的表述與第四段第一句話的表述不一致,所以兩者都是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),可迅速排除。選項(xiàng)D中提到的immediate feedback和concentration在原文中都有同樣的表述,是Ericsson在第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)中提到的deliberate practice所要求的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,但除這兩項(xiàng)外,Ericsson還提到了一項(xiàng)——specific goals,選項(xiàng)D漏掉了這一項(xiàng),屬于信息缺失,為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。再來看略有難度的選項(xiàng)A。根據(jù)第四段第二句話,考生可推斷出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論:Abilities to memorize depends on how well each person “encodes” the information. 選項(xiàng)A中出現(xiàn)的processing一詞正是encode的同義替換,由此可確定選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。

          推理判斷題

          推理判斷題考查考生在了解事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理的能力,要求考生推斷出作者想說但并未明確說出的話。這類題的常規(guī)解題步驟通常包括三步:①根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位;②分析在原文定位到的答案信息;③挖掘出答案信息的言外之意。這三步是攻克推理判斷題的通常做法,但如果考生根據(jù)原文信息未能快速推斷出其言外之意時(shí),可嘗試用排除法解題。下面我們就用排除法來解一道真題。

          例4:It can be inferred from the last paragraph that . (選自2011年考研英語閱讀理解真題Part A Text 2)

          A. top performers used to cling to their posts

          B. loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated C. top performers care more about reputations

          D. it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

          解析:考生可根據(jù)題干中的提示詞last paragraph將答案信息快速定位至原文最后一段:“Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ‘The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,’ says one headhunter. ‘The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.’”

          我們來分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)定位到的這段話,考生無法快速判斷選項(xiàng)A是否為最后一段的言外之意,可先擱置。選項(xiàng)B中的getting out-dated與第一句話中的fading意思相似,但兩者對(duì)應(yīng)不同的事物:選項(xiàng)B中g(shù)etting out-dated對(duì)應(yīng)的是loyalty of top performers,而第一句話中的fading對(duì)應(yīng)的是old disgrace (of top performers)。選項(xiàng)B偷換了概念,為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)C的表述在此段沒有提到,也非此段的言外之意,可排除。選項(xiàng)D的表述與此段最后一句話所表述的內(nèi)容相反,為錯(cuò)誤答案。根據(jù)排除法,只有選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。

          如果按照常規(guī)步驟解題,考生可著重分析最后一段話的言外之意。根據(jù)段落中headhunter所說的第一句話(The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are)可知,過去的觀念是堅(jiān)守一個(gè)職位比較安全。根據(jù)段落中的“The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one”這句話可推測,過去人們不那么容易接受“跳槽”的觀念。再結(jié)合全文都在講top performers現(xiàn)今開始“跳槽”的話題,考生不難推斷出top performers過去常堅(jiān)守一個(gè)職位,由此也可得出選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。

          例子作用題

          例子作用題也是考研英語閱讀理解?碱}型之一,主要考查考生對(duì)原文中提到的某個(gè)例子的作用或功能的理解。這類題的答案通常都是“源于例子而高于例子”。也就是說,解答這類題時(shí)考生不僅要理解例子本身的內(nèi)容,還要分析例子的存在是為了說明何種事實(shí)。這個(gè)事實(shí)通常就是正確答案所在,它往往位于例子的上下文中,或者就是某個(gè)段落或全文的主旨句。下面我們來分析一道真題。

          例5:Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of . (選自2011年考研英語閱讀理解真題Part A Text 3)

          A. responding effectively to hijacked media

          B. persuading customers into cotting products

          C. cooperating with supportive consumers

          D. taking advantage of hijacked media

          解析:根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Toyota Motor,考生可將答案信息定位至原文最后一段最后一句話:“Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as the social-news site Digg.”

          這句話的大概意思是說,豐田汽車在今年年初的“召回”危機(jī)中,通過在社交媒體上對(duì)客戶進(jìn)行積極回應(yīng)而減少了一些損失?忌浑y分析出這個(gè)事例是想表明一個(gè)事實(shí):公司對(duì)客戶進(jìn)行回應(yīng)是有效果的。為了進(jìn)一步確定上述事實(shí)是否為正確答案,考生可接著分析這一事例的前一句話:“In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.”這句話是說如果公司不做及時(shí)、用心的回應(yīng),其損失就會(huì)比較慘重。其言外之意也是說公司要對(duì)客戶進(jìn)行積極的回應(yīng)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有選項(xiàng)A提到了responding effectively (有效地回應(yīng)),為正確答案。

          一、大綱解析

          閱讀理解“主要考查考生理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義,進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申,根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等能力!

          該部分要求考生根據(jù)4篇文章提供的內(nèi)容回答20道小題,從每道小題給出的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中選出最佳答案,每小題2分,共40分。4篇文章的總長度大約為1600 詞。

          閱讀理解是一項(xiàng)非常重要的語言應(yīng)用。

          大綱對(duì)閱讀的要求是“考生應(yīng)能讀懂選自各類書籍和報(bào)刊的不同類型的文字材料(生詞量不超過所讀材料總詞匯量的3%),還應(yīng)能讀懂與本人學(xué)習(xí)或工作有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料、技術(shù)說明和產(chǎn)品介紹等”。

          閱讀理解的文章體裁多樣,以議論文為主,說明文也占一定的比重。

          題材方面,社會(huì)話題居多,以西方國家的社會(huì)生活、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技和文化生活以及教育等為主。這就需要考生平時(shí)擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍,關(guān)心時(shí)事,盡可能多地了解英美國家的文化和歷史背景知識(shí),增加自己的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備。

          閱讀理解所占分值最大,是閱讀理解部分非常重要的一節(jié),也可以說是考研英語成敗的關(guān)鍵。

          考生需要重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的整體理解和把握能力,并在此基礎(chǔ)上作出正確的引申、推理和判斷。

          二、題型分析

          通過研究歷年真題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀理解的題型基本可劃分為五種:細(xì)節(jié)辨識(shí)題、推理判斷題、語義理解題、主旨大意題和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。

          1. 細(xì)節(jié)辨識(shí)題

          細(xì)節(jié)辨識(shí)題考查的是考生對(duì)閱讀材料具體內(nèi)容的把握能力,它要求考生能夠?qū)φZ篇中的具體細(xì)節(jié)和信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確捕捉,根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞或者短語在原文中定位相應(yīng)細(xì)節(jié)。

          細(xì)節(jié)辨識(shí)題是閱讀理解中常考的題型,在歷年考題中所占比重較大。在近10年的考題中每年都有細(xì)節(jié)辨識(shí)題出現(xiàn),比例在30%左右。

          此題型的主要命題方式如下:

         、貯ccording to the text/Paragraph...

         、贗n Paragraph...which of the following is NOT mentioned?

         、跿he author agrees on all the following except that...

         、...results from...

          ⑤What advice does the author give to...?

         、轜hich of the following statements is NOT true?

          ⑦The main reason for...is that...

         、郬hich of the following can be a disadvantage of...?

          2. 推理判斷題

          推理判斷題要求考生從整篇文章或文章中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā),對(duì)某一內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷。

          做對(duì)這種題目的前提是對(duì)文章意思的準(zhǔn)確理解,對(duì)作者意圖的準(zhǔn)確捕捉,順著文章的表述作出恰當(dāng)?shù)耐茢唷?/p>

          推理判斷能力是閱讀理解能力的較高層次,這類題型在近10年的考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)并呈逐年上升的趨勢,比例在30%~40%。

          此題型的主要命題方式如下:

          ①We can conclude from...that...

         、赪e can learn from the text that...

          ③Why is...mentioned in Paragraph...?

         、躀n the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by...

         、軵aragraph...shows that...

         、...is mentioned to...

         、連y citing...the author intends to...

         、郥he author seems to be mainly concerned with...

         、酺he author suggests that...

          3. 語義理解題

          語義理解題考查的是考生是否具有根據(jù)上下文推測閱讀材料中某個(gè)單詞或者短語意思的能力。

          重點(diǎn)仍然是基于對(duì)語篇的理解,尤其是對(duì)該單詞或短語前后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容的理解,因?yàn)槠湔Z義經(jīng)常會(huì)在上下文通過解釋或者舉例等方式給予暗示。

          最初,語義理解題多以推測詞匯含義為主,近年來,更多考查的是某個(gè)表達(dá)形式(如句子的一部分)的含義。

          該題型在歷年考題中所占比重較小,在近10年的考題中所占比例為10%左右。

          此題型的主要命題方式如下:

         、賂he sentence “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) means that...

         、赥he word/phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) most probably means...

          ③By saying “...” (Line...,Paragraph...),the author means that...

         、躎he underlined phrase “...” in paragraph...refers to the ones who...

         、軹he underlined phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) most probably means...

         、轙he phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) is closest in meaning to...

          4. 主旨大意題

          主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)閱讀材料內(nèi)容的整體把握能力以及對(duì)重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的概括能力。

          該題型要求考生對(duì)文章有一個(gè)宏觀把握,并且能夠抓住其中的重點(diǎn)。

          在近10年的考題中,每年都有主旨大意題出現(xiàn),比例在10%以上。

          此題型的主要命題方式如下:

         、賅hich of the following is the text mainly about?

          ②The passage is mainly about...

         、踂hat would be the best title for the text?

         、躓hich of the following is the best title for the text?

          ⑤The best title for this passage could be...

         、轜hich of the following would be the subject of the text?

         、遅hat is the passage mainly about?

          5. 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

          觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題考查的是考生在整體理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、看法等作出判斷的能力。

          做對(duì)這類題目的關(guān)鍵是找出表示態(tài)度(贊成、反對(duì)、客觀或主觀等)的詞語。如果作者的看法很客觀,就會(huì)既有贊成又有反對(duì),這時(shí)要注意全面把握文章的主旨大意,尤其注意表示態(tài)度變化的連詞。

          這種類型的題目在近10年考題中的出現(xiàn)比例為10%以下。

          此題型的主要命題方式如下:

         、賂owards...the writers/authors attitude can be said to be...

         、...attitude towards...is one of...

          ③...attitude towards...seems to be...

         、躓hat is...attitude towards...?

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