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考研英語3大長(zhǎng)難句技巧
對(duì)于考研的同學(xué)來說,考研英語的準(zhǔn)備似乎要更提前一點(diǎn),要想取得一個(gè)好成績(jī)。光靠考前的突擊是不夠的,需要平時(shí)一點(diǎn)一滴的積累。本文為廣大考生整理2018考研英語3大長(zhǎng)難句技巧,更多考研英語一和英語二的區(qū)別、考研英語題型大綱及重點(diǎn)詞匯等備考資料,歡迎訪問北京研究生招生信息網(wǎng)。
應(yīng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的方法是化長(zhǎng)為短,分層理解。首先,拋開句子的修飾部分或附加成分,找出句子的主干部分,并理解其意義。然后,分析句子的修飾成分或附加成分,觀察其內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu),弄清各成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系,理解其意思。最后,將主干內(nèi)容與各修飾成分結(jié)合在一起,從整體上理解句子。
根據(jù)對(duì)歷年真題閱讀理解A節(jié)中長(zhǎng)難句的研究,我們按照其突出的語法現(xiàn)象歸為并列句、名詞從句、定語從句、狀語從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞、插入語、倒裝、其他特殊句式等八個(gè)類型,其中其他特殊句式還包括存在句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、with結(jié)構(gòu)、省略句和the... the...結(jié)構(gòu)。
下面將基于這個(gè)分類進(jìn)行講解,以幫助考生找到突破閱讀文章中長(zhǎng)難句的門徑。
1、并列句
并列句指在語意上對(duì)等的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的、由連接詞連接起來的分句。并列句內(nèi)各分句之間可構(gòu)成同等、條件、因果、結(jié)果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比和讓步等關(guān)系。連接詞通常有and,but,or,while,yet,however,so,therefore,for等。因此,對(duì)于這類句子,首先要找到連接詞,同時(shí)弄清各分句之間是什么關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)語境和句際關(guān)系正確理解句意。例如:
【2011年Text 4】Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping,baby-size holes in their lives.
感覺不幸福的父母?jìng)兒苌贂?huì)反思自己是否不該養(yǎng)孩子,但那些不幸福的沒有孩子的夫婦們卻總是受到類似言論的困擾:孩子是世界上最重要的東西,他們之所以生活得不幸福,顯然是由這種沒有孩子的缺憾造成的。(but連接的并列句,表示轉(zhuǎn)折;后一分句中又包含由冒號(hào)隔開的兩個(gè)分句,后句對(duì)前句進(jìn)行解釋說明)
2、名詞從句
名詞從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句四種,它們?cè)诰渲衅鹈~的作用。對(duì)于這類句子,在閱讀時(shí)可先不理會(huì)從句的內(nèi)容,只將其視為一個(gè)名詞,在確定主句的主干部分(即主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu))之后,再來確定這一層次的內(nèi)容。
【2005年Text 1】l However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, orwhether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
然而,這種公平意識(shí)是獨(dú)立地從人或卷尾猴身上進(jìn)化而來的,還是源于二者3500萬年前共同的祖先,目前還不得而知。(whether引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列主語從句作句子的主語)
【2011年Text 4】l But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting "the Rachel" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
但是,我們每周看到的那些無憂無慮的、幸福感越來越強(qiáng)的父母形象,是不是在以一種不明顯的、無意識(shí)的方式不讓我們對(duì)養(yǎng)育孩子的實(shí)際情形感到不滿,就像我們中的少數(shù)人希望剪個(gè)瑞秋式的發(fā)型可能會(huì)使我們看起來有一點(diǎn)兒像珍妮弗o安妮斯頓一樣,想想這些,確實(shí)非常有趣。(if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作動(dòng)詞wonder的賓語)
【2011年Text 3】l The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
同樣劇烈的技術(shù)變革為營(yíng)銷人員提供了更多的且不同的通訊選擇,同時(shí)也增加了風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榍榫w激動(dòng)的消費(fèi)者會(huì)以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達(dá)他們的意見。(that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作the risk的同位語)
【2002年Text 2】l What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined.
在試圖模擬人類思維的過程中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人腦中約一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞遠(yuǎn)比以前想象的聰明,人類的感知方式也遠(yuǎn)比想象中的復(fù)雜。(what引導(dǎo)的主語從句在句中作主語,that引導(dǎo)的表語從句在句中作表語)
3、定語從句
定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起限定作用,與主句關(guān)系緊密,是主句不可缺少的部分,它與主句之間通常不用逗號(hào)分隔。而非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不十分緊密,只是對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行說明、描述或解釋,或?qū)φ麄(gè)主句陳述的事實(shí)和現(xiàn)象加以概括或補(bǔ)充說明,其前有逗號(hào)。對(duì)于這類句子,要先借助關(guān)系詞分清主次部分,由于其起修飾限定作用,在閱讀時(shí),可先將其忽略,弄懂主干意思之后,再來對(duì)付從句部分。
(1)限制性定語從句
【2011年Text 3】l In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisionsmeans that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
如今消費(fèi)者對(duì)于作出購買決定這一過程的處理方式,意味著市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的影響力來自于傳統(tǒng)付費(fèi)媒介以外的廣泛因素。(省略了that的定語從句修飾先行詞the way)
注意:在the way,the day,the time,the moment,the instance等之后,關(guān)系詞that,when,where或"介詞 + which"常常省略。
【2011年Text 3】l We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.
我們將這種售出媒介定義為流量巨大、可以吸引其他機(jī)構(gòu)前來投放內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎的自有媒介。(關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞owned media)
【2005年Text 2】l Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure?
還記得科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為吸煙會(huì)致人死亡,而懷疑者們卻堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我們對(duì)此尚不能確定的那些年嗎?(關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞all those years)
【2011年Text 1】l Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performanceare missing the point.
那些忠實(shí)的音樂會(huì)觀眾反駁說現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演出絕非唱片所能替代,但是他們沒有看到問題的實(shí)質(zhì)。(關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞devoted concertgoers)
(2)非限制性定語從句
【2010年Text 2】l Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.
目前,美國(guó)國(guó)家最高專利法庭似乎已經(jīng)做好了充分準(zhǔn)備要縮減商業(yè)方法專利的數(shù)量,而該項(xiàng)專利自十年前首次被授權(quán)以來便飽受爭(zhēng)議。(關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句補(bǔ)充說明先行詞business-method patents)
【2008年Text 2】l Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
其他現(xiàn)存模式是以上三種模式的結(jié)合體,比如延遲開放存取模式,在論文發(fā)表后的頭六個(gè)月中雜志只允許其訂閱者閱讀論文,其后才對(duì)想閱讀該論文的公眾免費(fèi)開放。(關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞delayed open-access)
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