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英語語法:名詞所有格的三種表示辦法
英語語法：名詞所有格的三種表示方法
關于名詞所有格的用法應注意以下三點：
一、用 -’s 表示
有生命的人或物的所有格用-’s表示，有時也可用of表示。如a man’s voice=the voice of a man。此外，還需注意以下3點：
①以-s結尾的單數普通名詞后仍然加-’s。如：
The boss’s son, was arrogant to all the employees. 老板的兒子對所有雇傭人員都很傲慢無禮。
但若是以-s結尾的復數名詞，其后則只加撇號。如：
This shop sells ladies’ hats. 這家商店出售女帽。
You don’t belong in the beginners’ class. 你不適合在初級班。
若是以-s結尾的專有名詞，則既可只加撇號，也可加-’s。如：
Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities” is a literary classic. 狄更斯的《雙城記》是一部古典文學作品。
�、谌羰菐讉�人共有的，在最后一個姓名后加’s。如：
This is Tom and Mike’s room. 這是湯姆和邁克共住的房間。
�、郾硎緯r間、距離、金額、天體、國家或城市等的名詞也用-’s表示。如：
It’s less than two hours’ drive from here. 開車到那里不到2個鐘頭。
We visited some of the city’s scenic spots. 我們參觀了這座城市的一些風景區。
�、�-’s所有格后的名詞若是不言而喻時，或者是某人的住所、店鋪、診所等時，通常省略。如：
We had a great evening at Paul’s. 我們在保羅家度過了一個愉快的夜晚。
She bought a bottle of vitamin tablets at the chemist’s. 她在藥房買了一瓶維生素片。
二、用 of 表示
無生命的東西的所有格一般用of表示。如：
Let’s meet in the bar of the hotel. 咱們在旅館的酒吧間碰頭。
You’ll find the answers at the back of the book. 在書后你可找到答案。
注：有生命的人有時也可用of構成所有格。如：
Might I ask for a photograph of the 高中學習方法 baby? 我可否要一張這寶寶的照片?
三、–’s 和 of 雙重表示
當被修飾的名詞前有指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數詞等限定詞時，用雙重所有格。如：
Two friends of my father’s came to see me. 我父親的兩個朋友來看我
You are certain to be happy with any relative of Mrs. Moore’s. 你和穆爾夫人的任何親屬在一起肯定是會很快樂的。
高考英語不同體裁文章的閱讀方法-議論文
議的閱讀
議論文也就是說理性的文章，一般由論點、論據和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據（evidence），使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結論。
閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題、抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最后得出的結論。抓住了論題、抓住了觀點，我們就把握了中心，再結合作為論據的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點/結論之間的內在聯系，我們就能理解文章的結構。因此，閱讀議論文的關鍵是：抓論題、抓觀點。
看看下面一篇例文：
�。�05 江蘇卷 E段）
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind．The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said．“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said．But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
解析：作者在第一段提出論題：The progress in science caused the changes in the twentieth century. 接下來，第二、三段作者提出論據：The progress in science has brought us advantages and the continuation of the progress will surely result in even greater advantages.第四段作者從另一方面提出論據：The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind．再接下來，按行文結構作者應該作出結論，但作者在第五段并沒有直接說出不言自明的結論（We should separate the good from the ill.），而是用了幾個問句：But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 這樣可引起讀者對結論的深入思考，引起讀者的重視。
看看下面的理解題：
72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
73．From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that .
A．a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for war
B．a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for war
C．the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weapons
D．the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth
74．The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
75．What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?
A．Further application of science to war.
B．More reading of William Shakespeare.
C．Proper use of science in the new century.
D．Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.
（參考答案：ADBD）
【實戰演練練習二十四】（05北京卷 C篇）
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats(棲息地). Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.
Zoos claim(聲稱) to educate people and save endangered species(物種), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range(分布區). The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals’ natural needs.
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusually and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered．Captive breeding(圈養繁殖) of endangered big cats. Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wilD．Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
64．How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos?
A．Dangerous. B．Unhappy. C．Natural. D．Easy.
65．In the state of zoochosis, animals _________.
A．remain in cages B．behave strangely
C．attack other animals D．enjoy moving around
66．What does the author try to argue in the passage?
A．Zoos are not worth the public support.
B．Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
C．Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
D．Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.
67．The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by _________.
A．pointing out the faults in what zoos do
B．using evidence he has collected at zoos
C．questioning the way animals are protected
D．discussing the advantages of natural habitats
68．Although he argues against zoos, the author would still agree that __________.
A．zoos have to keep animals in small cages
B．most animals in zoos are endangered species
C．some endangered animals are reproduced in zoos
D．it’s acceptable to keep animals away from their habitats
【實戰演練練習二十五】（04上海卷 C篇）
We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, other, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.
Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed—no examination is perfect—but to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.
Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favouritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill—respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well&mdash 高中地理;respected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.
The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.
82．The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that________.
A．bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.
B．children from well—respected schools tend to have good jobs
C．poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets
D．children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
83．What would happen if examinations were taken away according to the author?
A．Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.
B．There would be more opportunities and excellence.
C．Children from poor families would be able to change their schools.
D．Children’s job opportunity would be affected by their school reputation.
84．The opponents of the examination system will agree that _________.
A．jobs should not be assigned by systematic selection
B．computers should be selected to take over many jobs
C．special classed are necessary to keep the school standards
D．schools with academic subjects should be done away with
85．The passage mainly focuses on ___________.
A．schools and certificates B．examination and equality
C．opportunity and employment D．standards and reputation
名師指導高三英語復習注意事項
是以考查運用為主的。盡管如此 高中政治，仍有相當多的習慣于按照傳統的“串講式”、“填鴨式”組織新教材的，大量的時間都被用于“炒冷飯”，串講課文中重復的語言點，而忽視聽、說、讀、寫的培養。
這樣做使學生感到枯燥無味，更有礙于創造性能力的發展，真是“揀了芝麻，丟了西瓜”，“費時多，收效少”。
高考復習首先要明確目的。目前高考英語在重視英語基礎的同時，突出考查語言運用能力，形成了以篇章閱讀為主體的布局。高三復習的最終目的是提高學生的語言運用能力。但是能力的基礎，對能力的測試不可避免地要結合對的測試，這是對學生累積的、系統化的、活化的知識的測試。大量的知識考查通過能力測試得以實現，熟練掌握英語基礎知識正是為發展英語運用能力做準備。例如“閱讀理解”和“書面表達”都是語言運用能力測，假如學生英語詞匯知識貧乏，或是知識不鞏固，就理解不了結構復雜的句子，看不懂篇章內容，又怎能去正確地解答試題呢?同樣，沒有一定量的詞匯知識和知識，就談不上正確的英語表達，就寫不出通順的英語短文。
然而，高三復習的過程不應是對已學知識的簡單重復和強化，而是一個再、再認識、提高理解能力和運用能力的過程。如果還是按照傳統的串講課文的方法進行復習，在這么短的時間內達到復習目的是不可能的，因為語言運用能力只靠串講課文是培養不出來的，特別是閱讀能力。因此，在短暫的高考復習中兼顧語言知識的掌握和語言能力的培養是值得廣大教師認真探討的課題。
既然復習知識是為了運用知識，那么什么樣的知識便于運用和有利于學科能力的培養呢?這就是網絡化的知識，這才是形成學科能力的堅實基礎。如果學生的知識能形成網絡，那么他們一定對所學的教材進行了層層挖掘，這必然對其實現知識向能力的遷移有重要的影響，有利于他們實際運用能力的提高，并且使他們在應考中運用自如。
高中英語單項選擇解題技巧
單項選擇中，每一個部分都用黑體字寫了這一行字：從A.B.C.D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。明確告訴我們要挑選出一個最佳選項，而不是做出一個正確選項。因此在做時，比較是非常重要的。
雖然題型朝著新穎性變化，但是還是跳脫不開考察語言基礎：1、；2、對近義詞或習慣用語的辨析；3、日常交際用語。而這三個方面各有其內在規律，因此只要我們了解了這些規律，掌握這些規律，就能逐漸形成答好單項填空題目的解題技巧。
高考的要想快又準地做好單選題，必須具備下列技巧：
1.題眼法“題眼”是指題干中的關鍵詞或關鍵符號，它具有提示信息的作用。一旦抓住了它，就能掌握選擇的依據。如時間、地點、關聯詞、轉折詞等。
2.還原法：把倒裝式、強調式或疑問式的題干變換為陳述句，再選就容易多了。
3.排除法：對于難度較大的題，一時不知道選哪一個 高三。這時要逐個試填，最后，選取組成最好語境的選項。
4.推理法：根據前后文，進行邏輯推理，在四個選項都可填入的情況下，要認真閱讀全句，仔細體會其語境，根據前后文，進行判斷。
5.歸類法：根據句意，把選項分組歸類，縮小范圍，提高做題的速度和準確性。
總而言之，英語單選即前面一篇博文所說，抓住語境是第一法則。這類都是為了更好的找出句子所表達的真正目的。
高考英語寫作的八種模板
1.正反觀點模板
Nowadays， _____ is playing a more and more important role in people’s daily life. However， people’s opinions are still divided on this point.
Those who are in favor of ______ think that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly， _______. Secondly， ______. Finally， ______.
Those who are opposed to ______ hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place， ______. In the second place， ______. Finally， ______.
All in all， we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh ［ ］ 超過the cons. The past twenty years saw the fast development of ______ along with ______. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of ______.
參考
Nowadays， the Internet is playing a more and more important role in people’s daily life. However， people’s opinions are still divided on this point.
Those who are in favor of the Internet think that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly， information searching is no longer a tough job with help of all kinds of search engines. Secondly， we can keep in touch with friends or business parters via e-mails or software. Finally， we can take part in groups to talk with friends of the same interest.
Those who are opposed to the Internet hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place， the Internet costs time， money and energy， especially for those with less self-control. In the second place， surfing on the Internet for a long time harms the eyes a lot. Finally， more and more young people are addicted to online game and Internet chat， which are harmful to their future development.
All in all， we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years saw the fast development of the Internet along with national economy. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of the Internet.
2.介紹人物模板
_____， who is now ____ metres tall and ____ kg in weight， was 高中英語 born in _____ on _____. It’s said that he likes ____ most and his favourite color is ____. The man he respects most is _____ and the one he believes in most is himself.
He _____ and became a member of ____. ____ years later， he ____ （按時間順序介紹經歷。要用到later， two years later， in the same year 等詞匯。）
參考范文
Yao Ming， who is now 2.26 metres tall and 134 kg in weight， was born in Shanghai on September 12，1980. It’s said that he likes meat most and his favourite color is blue. The man he respects most is Premier Zhou Enlai and the one he believes in most is himself.
He joined Shanghai basketball team in 1997 and became a member of China national team in 1998. Two years later， he was selected as member of Asian All-Star Basketball Team.In 2002，Shanghai won the champion of CBA and he became the most important players in the team. In the same year， he went to the US and became Number One in the NBA draft， which helped him join Houston Rockets. After many matches he feels a little tired now. Up to now， he still hasn’t definite plan.
3.圖表作文模板
From the chart we can see clearly that _____.
In my mind， the reasons why _____ are as follows. First， ______. Besides， ______.
The negative effects of _____ are also clear. To begin with， ______. second， ______， which are both bad ______.
On the whole， I should say the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The key lies in whether we can make good use of it to increase the quality of work and study.
參考范文
From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased from less than two hours in 1990 to nearly four hours in 1995， and then to 20 hours in 2000.
In my mind， the reasons why coputers are more and more widely used are as follows. First， computers can help us finish many tasks， including both work and study. Besides， coputers are becoming cheaper and cheaper—many university students can afford it.
The negative effects of computers are also clear. To begin with，computers may be out of order from time to time， and repairing them can be expensive. Second， more and more students spend too much time playing games or chatting online， which are both bad habits.
On the whole，I should say the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.The key lies in whether we can make good use of it to increase the quality of work and study.
4.口頭通知模板
Ladies and gentleman （或Boys and girls）， may I have your attention， please？ I have an announcement to make. （或I have a piece of good news to tell you.）
a. A meeting （或lecture） is to be held in Room 203 at two o’clock.
b. There is going to be an English speaking competition in the lecture room at 3:00 on Dec. 5th， 2006.
c. The sports meet to be held tomorrow is put off because of the bad weather.
d. All teachers and students will be required to____.
e. Please take a pen and a notebook with you and be there on time.
f. After the meeting we’ll have a discussion in groups in our own classroom.
g. Don’t forget the time and address. （Be sure not to be late.） Please be present on time.
h. I’m sure you will have a lot of fun （have a good time）。
i. That’s all. Thank you for your attention.
參考范文
Boys and girls， may I have your attention， please？ I have an announcement to make.
The Students’Union is going to organize a summer camp. Those who want to join in it please sigh your names in the office of the Students Union. You should hand in 100 yuan. If there is some money left， it will be given back to you. You will be divided into three groups and you should know which group you’d like to join. The first group will go to visit the World Park. The second group will pay a visit to Peking University and Tsinghua University. The third group will visit the Great Wall. The camp will begin on July 10 and last two days.
That’s all. Thank you for your attention.
高中英語聽力訓練的探討
摘要：聽力提高并非僅僅"聽力"提高，它代表著發音、詞匯、詞組、習語、文化等綜合的全面提高。聽力是決定英文水平的要件，它反映了一個人的交流。然而，它卻常常是學英語的同學們在和實際應用中最害怕的一部分。很多同學為此"費盡心機"，但效果卻始終不佳。到底如何提高聽力呢？首先必須意識到，聽力提高并非"聽力"提高。它其實代表著英語綜合的提高，即發音、詞匯、詞組、習語、文化等諸方面能力的提高。
一．在全面提高英語的前提下，要提高聽、說能力，應首先注意以下三點：
１．已具備一定量的英語詞匯和英語基礎，但是，在聽力訓練中，仍有必要注意區分和模仿正確的語音、語調在英語里有不少讀音相近，但意思卻截然不同的詞匯，象 cure[kjue](醫愈)和kill[kill](殺死),nearly(將近)和yearly(年度的)等。設想如果有一個醫生想說:"I'llcureyou."(我要治好你的病。)卻因發音不好,說成:"I'llkillyou."(我要殺死你。)那病人會嚇成什么樣子。又比如,有人對你說:"Iamthirty.Mywifeisthirty,too."而你聽到的卻是:"Iamdirty.Mywifeisdirty,too."你一定會莫名其妙。實際上,所差之外就是一個音素。因此,我們從一開始就要注意區分和模仿正確的語音,語調。在這個基礎上提高聽、說，才能收到良好效果。
２．創造一定的聽、說環境聽、說是一種語言交流，沒有一個外語環境或一定的聽、說條件，只靠單槍匹馬很難收效。當然，現代科學為我們提供了MP3MP4或傳統的錄音機這一工具，我們可以把課文、對話和中外成品錄制下來反復聽和模仿。還可以把自己的口頭和復述錄下來，仔細審聽，發現問題，及時糾正。但是，在自然條件下，聽與說是不能分的,高中數學。一個人聽的過程實際是另一個人說的過程。如果有條件的話，最好能把自學的伙伴組織起來，定期開展會話活動，或利用社會上，公園中或里的"外語之角"等條件，既練了說，又練了聽，在實際的語言環境中練習，才能取得長足的進步。
３．要有不怕聽錯、說錯、不斷苦練的精神。練習聽、說的者，特別是，往往必聽錯、說錯，因此往往不敢大膽張口練習。然而，語言是一種習慣，沒有反復的操練和實踐難以產生熟練的技巧。會話重在達意，只要達到交流思想的目的，這種聽、說實踐就應該說是基本的。出了錯，注意總結經驗，自學改正就是了。
高考英語閱讀理解高分技巧
一、常見題型分析
(一)主旨大意題
主旨大意題在閱讀理解中所占比例及難度都相當大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表達的主要內容，是全文的核心，作者在文章中努力通過各種細節信息來闡明中心話題。因此，把握主旨大意對于正確理解全文具有重要意義。要找出主旨大意，應采用法瀏覽全文，閱讀時要注意抓住表達中心思想的句子。文章不同，中心句在文章中的位置也就不同，但一般情況下閱讀時應特別留意文章的開頭、結尾及各個段落的首句和尾句，因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題。更多精彩盡在《調研》第9輯《考前搶分必備》
常見的命題方式：
What is the main idea of this passage?
What dose this passage mainly concern?
The main theme of this passage is_____________
The main point of the passage is___________
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is______
The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_____
Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
文章主題常�？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作來體現，有以下幾種情況：
1。題句位于句首。主題句出現在文首，開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節來解釋、支撐主題句所表達的主題思想。這是中最常見的演繹寫作法。 2。主題句位于段末。主題句出現在文章結尾是作者采用了先擺事實，后作結論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。這是中最常見的歸納寫作法。3. 主題句首尾呼應。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應的寫作方法也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復，后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。4。主題句位于段落的中間。主題句出現在文章的中間，通常前面只提出問題，文章的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而后又作進一步的解釋、說明或發展。5。主題句隱含在段意之中。全文沒有明確的主題句。其中心思想包含在各個句子中，在這種情況下，讀者要把所有已知的細節綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，概括歸納出主題句。
【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。
Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(電網). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。
……
Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than ￡65 per year。
Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘車上班族) could save about ￡260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas. (2008·安徽卷)
This passage is mainly about ________。
A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tips
C. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting tips
【解析】 本文主要介紹了如何節約能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主題很明顯，文章一開始就點明了主題，接下來整篇文章都是圍繞如何save energy展開，而save fuel僅僅只是其中的一部分。故選A。針對主旨大意類題目，應采用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文。在閱讀時，應特別注意文章的開頭、結尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因為他們往往名包含文章的中心議題。
【典例2】 Domestic (馴養的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren’t tame (馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。
Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。
……
The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008·北京卷)
The passage is mainly about _______。
A. why humans domesticated horses
B. how humans and horses needed each other
C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes
D 高中英語. how human societies and horses influenced each other
【解析】本文以時間為順序，記敘了人類對馬的馴化以及馬對人類的生活所產生的重要影響。本題考查主旨大意。前四段說明，人類馴養了野馬，使得馬的種類繁多，這是人類社會對馬的影響；最后一段說明，馬作為交通工具加速了人類文化傳播的進程。故文章的主題應是D所說的內容。此主題句出現在文章的最后一段。如果文章沒有明確的主題句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各個段落中，考生可采取提綱挈領的方法，通過分析細節把文章的要點歸納出來，概括出全文的中心思想。
選擇標題屬主旨大意題，是閱讀理解題常考的題型之一。那么怎么樣選擇文章的標題？ 選擇文章標題屬深層次理解題，它要求考生在通讀全文的基礎上，認真分析主人公的特定心態、文章大意及作者寫作意圖，在此基礎上，所選出的標題還應做到概括性、針對性、醒目性的有機結合。
1。概括性原則 要求標題應在最大限度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內容，體現文章的主旨。標題實際上是文章主題的一種確認方式。前面我們提到，通過尋找主題句，往往很容易確定短文的標題。但大多數文章的主題句并不明顯，需要我們通過體會字里行間蘊含的意思從整體上把握文章的主旨，從全局的角度概括歸納出文章的標題。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以點代面，以偏概全。
2。針對性原則 針對性原則是對標題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標題包括文章的主要內容。但如果標題過大，就違背了針對性原則、針對性原則要求標題不能太過于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即標題不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣，大小適度。
3。醒目性原則 標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂。標題的好壞往往會影響文章的可讀性。讀者往往從標題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標題往往比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，目的是為了吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對文章閱讀的。所以在標題選擇的過程中，在滿足概括性和針對性的條件下，還要考慮標題的醒目性。
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