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英譯漢常用的方法和技巧
引導語：英譯漢常用的方法和技巧，由應屆畢業生培訓網整理而成，謝謝您的閱讀，祝您閱讀愉快。
一、 詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶
1.一詞多義(Polysemy)
regular
regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline
delicate
delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food
2.注意有線詞的詞義
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.
3.詞義的引申(Extension or Generalization)
1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept
His novel is a mirror of the times.
The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.
Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.
2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept
In two years, he was a national phenomenon.
Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.
Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.
4.詞義的褒貶(Commendatory and Derogatory)
The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.
Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.
It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.
John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.
She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
5.Exercises
I have no opinion of that sort of man.
She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”
I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.
I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.
The picture flattered her.
The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.
二、 詞類轉譯法
(一)轉譯成動詞
(1)名詞轉譯動詞(Convert nouns into verbs)
My admiration for him grew more.
He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.
To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.
The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.
Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.
In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.
Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
I am no drinker, nor smoker.
The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
(2)介詞轉譯成動詞(Convert prepositions into verbs)
There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.
We are fortunate in our opponent.
Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.
The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.
I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.
Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
(3)形容詞轉譯成動詞(Convert adjectives into verbs)
He said the meeting was informative.
They were news-hungry.
It was a very informative meeting.
(4)副詞轉譯成動詞(Convert adverbs into verbs)
The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.
It has snowed over.
Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?
(二)轉譯成名詞
(1)動詞轉譯成名詞(Convert verbs into nouns)
She knows what’s what.
They thought differently.
TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.
He roared, which threatened his enemies away.
The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.
(2)形容詞轉譯成名詞
The new treaty would be good for ten years.
The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.
Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.
Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.
(三)轉譯成形容詞
名詞轉譯成形容詞
Their physical experiment was a success.
The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.
Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”
He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.
In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.
(四)其他詞類轉譯
副詞轉譯成名詞
The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.
Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.
The image must be dimensionally correct.
三、被動語態的譯法
(一)大量的英語被動句要化成漢語的主動句
1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.
2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.
3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.
4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.
(二)以by為著眼點，進行多種譯文
1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.
2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.
3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.
4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.
5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.
(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表達
1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.
2. It should be understood that to err is human.
(四)漢譯中需用被動式時，也最好多找一些字眼來取代“被”字
1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.
2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.
3. He was set upon by two naked men.
4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.
5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.
四、增詞法
(一)名詞、動名詞前增補動詞
1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.
2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.
(二)英語抽象名詞的翻譯
1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.
2. Many changes take place during the transformation.
3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.
(三)將具體形象的詞譯成該形象所具有的屬性和特征，這是一種引申，需增詞
1. It was a Godsend to him.
2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
(四)增添“概括”性的詞
1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.
2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.
(五)英文中為避免重復而省略之詞，漢譯時需補上，作必要的重復
1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.
(六)漢譯文根據原文意思增加一些必要的解釋性文字
1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.
2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.
(七)增補量詞
1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.
2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.
(八)增補表示復數含義的詞
1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.
2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.
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