高考英語閱讀:主旨大意題的解題技巧

高考英語閱讀:主旨大意題的解題技巧

　　主旨類閱讀理解是高中階段的一大難點，在掌握方法的同時需要反復(fù)的練習(xí)。以下是小編整理的高考英語閱讀:主旨大意題的解題技巧，希望對大家有所幫助。

　　一、主旨大意題的命題形式

　　主旨大意題旨在考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的歸納概括能力。這類試題包括要求考生選出短文的標題(title， headline)、短文或段落的主題(subject)、中心思想(main idea)、作者的寫作目的(purpose或為傳遞信息、或為愉悅讀者、或為闡述某一道理)等。這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有：

　　(1)The subject of the passage/paragraph is ______.

　　(2)The main idea of the passage/paragraph is______.

　　(3)The text is mainly about ______.

　　(4)The passage mainly centers on ______.

　　(5)The passage mainly tells about ______.

　　(6)What is the subject discussed in the text?

　　(7)What is the main idea of this passage?

　　(8)What is the passage mainly about?

　　(9)What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

　　(10)What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

　　(11)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

　　(12)Which title best gives the idea of the passage?

　　(13)What would be the best title for the text?

　　(14)What might be the most suitable title for the passage?

　　(15)The best headlines for this newspaper article would be______

　　(16)The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ______.

　　(17)The writers purpose in writing this story is ______.

　　(18)What is the authors main purpose?

　　(19)What does the writer really want to tell us in this passage?

　　(20)The writer wrote the story in order to______.

　　(21)What is the advice given in the text / passage / article?

　　二、尋找主題句的方法

　　正確的解答這類題目的關(guān)鍵是準確地找出文章的主題句。一般來說，一篇文章常常會圍繞著一個中心思想或一個主要話題展開，而這個話題又常常通過一個能比較全面地覆蓋或概括文章意思的句子，即所謂的“主題句”來體現(xiàn)。那么，主題句通常在哪里呢?(1)主題句在文首；

　　(2)主題句在文中；

　　(3)主題句在文末；

　　(4)主題句以首尾呼應(yīng)的形式出現(xiàn)在文首和文末。

　　1. 主題句在文首

　　這類文章寫法上的特點是：文章的第一句起著點題的作用，概括了文章的主要內(nèi)容或信息，下文接著對主題句所涉及的話題進行具體的闡述。如：(全國高考題)

　　A JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students — 18 boys and 2 girls —had a thousand reasons to beproud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung(階梯)out of 4 millionstudents taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest (競賽)onTuesday evening.

　　The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14.

　　"Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is justunbelievable!" said a teacher from Guangdong province.

　　Named after Chinas most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986,one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognized by the State EducationCommission(國家教委) as the countrys biggest and best contest of its kind.

　　This news story is mainly about ______.

　　A. when the contest started

　　B. how the contest got its name

　　C. the 20 pupils who have won gold medals in the contest

　　D. the 5th National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest

　　【分析】這是一篇報道，文章的第一段只有兩句話：“20個學(xué)生(2女18男)有充分的理由為自己感到自豪，因為他們奪得了第五屆華羅庚杯數(shù)學(xué)競賽的金獎，是4百萬參賽學(xué)生中的佼佼者”，下文接著對競賽的有關(guān)情況進行報道，因此，第一段實際上就是這篇報道的主題句。A、B、C分別只包含了報道的部分信息，顯然不合題意；D選項與主題句的意思完全一致，因此是正確答案。

　　2. 主題句在文中

　　這類文章寫法上的特點是：開始部分是引題，接著是點題，最后是對主題進行敘述，主題句常常起著承上啟下的作用。如：(全國高考題)

　　Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways.Some fat people have a large stomach and nowaistline—which makes them look round, rather likeapples. Others are fatter below the waist, whichmakes them appear pear-shaped.

　　There are two types of fat: external fat (fat underthe skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining therelationship between health and fatness, have found that the pears have less internal fat, butthe apples have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the healthproblems.

　　The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems thatdieting (節(jié)食) simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shapedperson into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internalrather than external fat.

　　The text is mainly about ______.

　　A. fatness and health B. ways to lose weigh

　　C. peoples figures D. distribution of fat

　　【分析】該文的第一段交代了脂肪在體內(nèi)的分布狀況；第二段交代了脂肪的種類及不同種類的脂肪與健康之間的關(guān)系；第三段講的是減肥應(yīng)該減掉哪一類脂肪以及節(jié)食存在的問題。很明顯，第二段，特別是第二段的第二句，起著承上啟下的作用，是該文的主題句。A選項符合主題句的意思，應(yīng)該是正確答案；B選項與文章的意思無關(guān)；可以排除；C、D選項分別只與文章的部分信息有關(guān)，也可以排除。

　　3. 主題句在文末

　　這種寫法的特點是：在敘述完某件事情或某個話題之后，用一句話交代事情的結(jié)果或?qū)η懊娴臄⑹鲞M行歸納。如：(廣東高考題)

　　In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a bookdescribing a trip to the moon. When the explorers(探險者) landed on the moon, they discovered thatthe moon was full of underground cities. Theyexpressed their surprise to the "moon people" theymet. In turn, the "moon people"expressed theirsurprise. "Why," they asked, "are you traveling toouter space when you dont even use your inner space?"

　　H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on themoon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. How ever, thequestion that the "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number ofscientists are seriously thinking about it.

　　Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In somecities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. TheChunnel", a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.

　　But what about underground cities? Japans Taisei Corporation is designing a network ofunderground system, called "Alice Cities." The designers imagine using surface space for publicparks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome(太陽能穹頂) would cover the whole city.

　　Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is agood way to use the earths space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks,gardens, and wilderness. H.G. Wells "moon people" would agree. Would you?

　　What would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Alice Cities—cities of the future B. Space travel with H.G. Wells

　　C. Enjoy living underground D. Building down, not up

　　【分析】文章以月球人的問題Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use yourinner space? 引起話題，接著講敘了人類目前對地下空間的利用現(xiàn)狀，結(jié)尾以地下空間開發(fā)的支持者的話點題building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space。A選項只是本文話題的部分意思，不是主要話題；B選項與文章的意思無關(guān)；文章主要是講地下空間的開發(fā)利用，而不是講如何享受地下生活，因此C選項與文章的主題也無關(guān)；D選項符合文章的主要內(nèi)容，與主題句的意思一致，因此，是該題的正確答案。

　　4. 主題句以首尾呼應(yīng)的形式出現(xiàn)在文首和文末

　　這種寫法的特點是：文章一開始就點題，接著舉例，最后回歸主題。如：(全國高考題)

　　Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten bysnakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites thatled me to this career," he said.

　　In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered amedical school and later became a doctor of Chinesemedicine. As part of his studies he had to work inthe mountains. There he often heard of people whohad their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.

　　"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The oldman was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized hehad been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm tostop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted Bring me the knife! Minuteslater the man lost his arm forever."

　　"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bittenby snakes,"Shu said.

　　The best headline for this newspaper article is ______.

　　A. Astonishing Medicine B. Farmer Loses Arms

　　C. Dangerous Bites D. Snake Doctor

　　【分析】文章的第一段就兩句話，第一句點題，第二交代了Shu Pulong成為蛇醫(yī)的原因；第二、第三段舉例說明Shu Pulong如何了解到農(nóng)民被蛇咬的情況；第四段回歸主題，強調(diào)是由于第二、第三段中所交代的事例促使Shu Pulong決心成為蛇醫(yī)。題目的A選項與文章中的信息無關(guān)；B、C兩個選項只涉及到文章所舉的例子的某個方面；D選項能涵蓋首位兩個自然段，即主題句，的信息，因此是正確答案。

　　5. 文章中沒有明顯的主題句

　　有的文章沒有明顯的主題句，如果在閱讀這類文章的時候碰到判斷文章的主題、話題、中心思想之類的題目，我們的注意力主要放在兩個方面：

　　1. 文章的主要內(nèi)容；

　　2. 選項之間的區(qū)別。也就是說能涵蓋文章的全部或主要內(nèi)容的選項才是正確答案。如：(全國高考題)

　　James Cleveland Owens was the son of a farmer andthe grandson of black slaves. His family moved toCleveland when he was 9. There, a school teacherasked the youth his name.

　　"J.C.", he replied.

　　She thought he had said "Jesse", and he had a new name.

　　Owens ran his first race at age 13. After high school, he went to Ohio State University. He hadto work part time so as to pay for his education. As a second-year student, in the Big Tengames in 1935, he set even more records than he would in the Olympic Games a year later.

　　A week before the Big Ten meet, Owens accidentally fell down a flight of stairs. His back hurtso much that he could not exercise all week, and he had to be helped in and out of the car thatdrove him to the meet. He refused to listen to the suggestions that he give up and said hewould try, event by event. He did try, and the results are in the record book.

　　The stage was set for Owens victory at the Olympic Games in Berlin the next year, and hissuccess would come to be regarded as not only athletic(體育的)but also political. Hitler did notcongratulate any of the African-American winners.

　　"It was all right with me," he said years later. "I didnt go to Berlin to shake hands with him,anyway."

　　Having returned from Berlin. He received no telephone call from the president of his owncountry, either. In fact, he was not honored by the United States until 1976, four years beforehis death.

　　Owens Olympic victories made little difference to him. He earned his living by looking after aschool playground, and accepted money to race against cars, trucks, motorcycles, and dogs.

　　"Sure, it bothered (煩擾)me," he said later. "But at least it was an honest living. I had to eat."

　　In time, however, his gold medals (獎牌) changed his life. "They have kept me alive over theyears," he once said. "Time has stood still for me. That golden moment dies hard."

　　Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

　　A. Jesse Owens, a Great American Athlete

　　B. Golden Moment — a Life-time Struggle

　　C. Making a Living as a Sportsman

　　D. How to Be a Successful Athlete?

　　【分析】這篇文章簡明扼要地介紹了奧林匹克金牌得主，美國黑人運動員James Cleveland Owens輝煌而又坎坷的人生，但文章側(cè)重介紹的是他人生的坎坷，而不是他人生的輝煌。B選項側(cè)重的是他人生的輝煌，而不是他人生的坎坷，不能涵蓋文章的主要意思，因而不合題意；C、D選項與文章的內(nèi)容無關(guān)，也不合題意；James Cleveland Owens在獲得奧林匹克金牌后雖然沒有立即得到美國社會的重視，但獲得金牌奠定了他作為一名偉大的運動員在美國田徑運動史上的重要地位卻是不爭的事實，A選項既表達了文章的這一主要意思，也能涵蓋他人生輝煌及坎坷的不同側(cè)面，比較全面地反映了文章的主要內(nèi)容，因而符合題意，是正確答案。

　　以上從五個方面介紹了判斷文章主題的主要方法，但要真正掌握并熟練運用這些方法也不是能一蹴而就的事情，還需要在大量的閱讀實踐中不斷思考，總結(jié)，得出自己的體會。

　　得高考英語者得天下，離高考還剩幾天，趁這段時間趕緊復(fù)習(xí)下高考英語應(yīng)試技巧還來得及，希望小編今天推薦的方法對大家有用。順便在這里預(yù)祝將要高考的同學(xué)們考試順利，高考英語六六六。

　　高考英語閱讀解題技巧

　　一、主旨大意題

　　主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對所讀材料(或所讀材料片斷)中心思想的概括。做這類題時，考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時注意文章的主題句，因為主題句表達中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中間(通常是第一段或最后一段的中間)也是完全可能的。主旨大意題的考查形式很多，如概括標題、主題、段意、中心思想等。

　　二、事實細節(jié)題

　　顧名思義，事實細節(jié)題即指針對文章的某個事實或細節(jié)而設(shè)置的試題。事實細節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(jié)(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或?qū)�幾個細節(jié)進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉(zhuǎn)換或簡單換算)。

　　點擊查看：高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧

　　三、代詞指代題

　　這類題要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義，它主要考查考生在一定語境中對上下文邏輯關(guān)系的正確理解。做這類題時，考生不僅要讀懂相關(guān)句子的句意，理順相關(guān)句子的邏輯關(guān)系，而且還要學(xué)會合理變通，尤其要學(xué)會變通理解其中的同義表達。

　　四、詞義猜測題

　　即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測生詞的詞義。它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點，同學(xué)們應(yīng)引起充分重視。猜測生詞詞義的方法很多，常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前后對比法、基本構(gòu)詞法、語境理解法、舉例說明法、常識背景法、類屬分析法等。

　　五、推理判斷題

　　即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，同學(xué)們應(yīng)嚴格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細節(jié)、事實以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣等，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。此時應(yīng)特別注意：當問及作者的看法、意圖與態(tài)度時，不要誤認為是在問“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。

　　主旨大意題閱讀的解題技巧

　　首先，我們來看一看主旨類閱讀理解是怎么設(shè)問的，通常有以下幾種情況：Whats the main idea of the passage? Whats the best title of the passage? What is mainly discussed in the passage? The theme / purpose of the passage.等

　　第二，不同類型的文章主旨的概括方式不同。

　　說明文，議論文和新聞類文章有相似的概括方式。一般這幾類文章第一段為文章的主題段，通過概括主題段的主要內(nèi)容就可以總結(jié)出文章的題目或主旨。所以要特別注意這幾類文章的首段。但有的文章會在第一段利用一個或幾個問題引入話題，而真正的中心在第二段，或需要通過對每一段的主題句進行概括才能得出。新聞類的文章在概括標題時需要考慮文章的特點，這類文章的題目需要第一眼就引起讀者的興趣，所有它的標題往往有引人注意或吸引人眼球的特點。

　　記敘文一般沒有主題段和主題句，所以在概括主旨大意或題目時沒有明顯的線索�？梢杂脟L試用以下的幾種方式概括主旨或標題：

　　1.記敘文是記人敘事的文章，一般都包含六個基本的要素：who, what, when, where, what, why, how,把這幾個要素串聯(lián)起來就是文章的中心。

　　2.還可以把主要段落的段意串聯(lián)起來，這樣就歸納出了文章的中心或題目。

　　3.記敘文有時會圍繞著一個人或一個事物展開故事，那么文章中反復(fù)提到的人或事物，就是關(guān)鍵詞，需要出現(xiàn)在主旨或題目中。反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)主旨或標題這一點，也適合其它類型的文章。

　　還有一種方法適合于各種類型的文章。同學(xué)們可以嘗試利用各小題的題干幫助你概括主旨。如果有兩個或兩個以上的題目中都包含有相同的詞匯，那么這應(yīng)該是文章中重點談?wù)摰膯栴}，是關(guān)鍵詞，與主旨有關(guān)，應(yīng)該包含在題目或主旨中。

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