三八婦女節(jié)的來歷
3.8國際婦女節(jié)是全世界婦女的節(jié)日。這個(gè)日子是聯(lián)合國承認(rèn)的，同時(shí)也被很多國家確定為法定假日。下面是小編整理的關(guān)于三八婦女節(jié)的來歷，歡迎參考!
三八婦女節(jié)的來歷
International Women's Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.
International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.
The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:
1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.
1910
The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.
1913-1914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.
1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.
Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.
The Role of the United Nations
Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women.
三八婦女節(jié)的資料
婦女節(jié)由來
國際勞動(dòng)?jì)D女節(jié)的全稱是“聯(lián)合國婦女權(quán)益和國際和平日”，在中國又稱“國際婦女節(jié)”、“三八節(jié)”和“三八婦女節(jié)”。從1909年3月8日，美國芝加哥婦女爭取“男女平等”游行集會(huì)以來，至今已走過了百余年歷程。中國婦女和世界各國婦女一樣，都為國家獨(dú)立、解放、革命、建設(shè)作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)和犧牲，為世界和平和人類發(fā)展進(jìn)步做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)和犧牲。涌現(xiàn)出了數(shù)以萬計(jì)的巾幗英雄和“三八紅旗手”。黨和政府為維護(hù)保護(hù)廣大婦女的合法權(quán)益，制定了較完善的法律法規(guī)和規(guī)章制度。
婦女節(jié)發(fā)展歷程
1909年3月8日，美國芝加哥女工團(tuán)要求男女平等權(quán)利而舉行示威，1910年8月，在丹麥?zhǔn)锥几绫竟匍_了國際社會(huì)主義者第二次婦女代表大會(huì)。出席會(huì)議的有17個(gè)國家的代表，會(huì)議討論的主要問題是反對(duì)帝國主義擴(kuò)軍備戰(zhàn)，保衛(wèi)世界和平;同時(shí)還討論了保護(hù)婦女兒童的權(quán)利，爭取8小時(shí)工作制和婦女選舉權(quán)問題。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這次會(huì)議的著名德國社會(huì)主義革命家、杰出的共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士克拉拉·蔡特金倡議，以每年的3月8日作為全世界婦女的斗爭日，得到與會(huì)代表的一致?lián)碜o(hù)。從此以后，“三八”婦女節(jié)就成為世界婦女爭取權(quán)利、爭取解放的節(jié)日。
故1911年的3月8日為第一個(gè)國際勞動(dòng)?jì)D女節(jié)。
1917年3月8日，俄國彼得格勒的女工，勇敢地舉起了“三八”節(jié)的戰(zhàn)斗紅旗，舉行了反對(duì)帝國主義戰(zhàn)爭、反對(duì)沙皇制度、反對(duì)饑餓的游行 示威。
中國婦女第一次舉行“三八”節(jié)紀(jì)念活動(dòng)是在1924年，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，廣州勞動(dòng)?jì)D女舉行紀(jì)念會(huì)和游行。會(huì)議由中國婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的先驅(qū)何香凝主持，會(huì)上提出了“打倒帝國主義”、“保護(hù)婦女兒童”的口號(hào)。這次活動(dòng)顯示了中國勞動(dòng)?jì)D女的覺醒和力量。
1938年3月8日，宋美齡動(dòng)員婦女積極參與抗戰(zhàn)救國。
紀(jì)念意義
國際勞動(dòng)?jì)D女節(jié) (International Working Women's Day) 又稱“聯(lián)合國婦女權(quán)益和國際和平日”(U.N. Day for Women's Rights and International Peace)或“三八”婦女節(jié)，是全世界勞動(dòng)?jì)D女團(tuán)結(jié)戰(zhàn)斗的光輝節(jié)日。
每年的3月8日為慶祝婦女在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和社會(huì)等領(lǐng)域做出的重要貢獻(xiàn)和取得的巨大成就而設(shè)立的節(jié)日。同時(shí)，也是為了紀(jì)念在1911年美國紐約三角工廠火災(zāi)中喪生的140多名女工。
歷史意義
3.8國際婦女節(jié)是全世界婦女的節(jié)日。這個(gè)日子是聯(lián)合國承認(rèn)的，同時(shí)也被很多國家確定為法定假日。來自五 湖四海的婦女們，盡管被不同的國界、種族、語言、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治所區(qū)分，但在這一天能夠同時(shí)慶祝屬于自己的節(jié)日。讓我們?cè)倩厥啄蔷攀昵暗臑榈玫狡降�、公正、和平以及發(fā)展所做出的斗爭。
國際婦女節(jié)是婦女創(chuàng)造歷史的見證，婦女為爭取與男性平等所走的斗爭道路十分漫長。古希臘的莉西斯特拉塔就領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了婦女斗爭來阻止戰(zhàn)爭;法國革命時(shí)期，巴黎婦女高呼“自由，平等，友愛”，走上凡爾賽的街頭爭取選舉權(quán)。
在這一天，世界各大洲的婦女，不分國籍、種族、語言、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的差異，共同關(guān)注婦女的人權(quán)。近幾十年來，聯(lián)合國的四次全球性會(huì)議加強(qiáng)了國際婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)，隨著國際婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的成長，婦女節(jié)取得了全球性的意義。這些進(jìn)展使國際婦女節(jié)成為團(tuán)結(jié)一致、協(xié)調(diào)努力要求歸還婦女權(quán)利和婦女參與政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)生活的權(quán)利的日子。
相關(guān)法規(guī)
根據(jù)國務(wù)院發(fā)布的《全國年節(jié)及紀(jì)念日放假辦法》(國務(wù)院令第270號(hào))第三條規(guī)定：婦女節(jié)(3月8日)屬于部分公民放假的節(jié)日及紀(jì)念日，婦女放假半天。
節(jié)日軼事
面包加玫瑰
美國堪薩斯州羅倫斯市的紡織女工罷工打出的標(biāo)語就有“我們也要面包加玫瑰”。這表明她們不僅要求溫飽，而且要過像樣人的生活。受其影響，詩人詹姆士·奧朋漢（James Oppenheim）寫了《面包加玫瑰》之歌：
當(dāng)我們前進(jìn)，前進(jìn)在美好的時(shí)光
在成千上萬個(gè)昏暗的廚房和灰蒙蒙的廠房里
我們感受到突然照射進(jìn)來的和煦陽光
為了要人民聽到我們的歌聲
面包加玫瑰，面包加玫瑰
當(dāng)我們前進(jìn)，前進(jìn)，我們帶來更美好的陽光
婦女的覺醒意味著一個(gè)族群的崛起
在別人休息的時(shí)候
不再有苦工和臨時(shí)工在辛苦勞動(dòng)
我們要分享生命的榮光
面包加玫瑰，面包加玫瑰
曾遭取締
從1911年歐洲超過100萬人舉行各種活動(dòng)慶祝國際婦女節(jié)以來，國際婦女節(jié)已經(jīng)走過近100年的歷史。就如同女性為爭取自己權(quán)利所做的斗爭一樣，婦女節(jié)也曾遭到抵制。上世紀(jì)30年代的德國，希特勒就曾禁止慶祝婦女節(jié)。
1933年6月20日，蔡特金在莫斯科病逝，早已對(duì)蔡特金的女權(quán)主義深惡痛絕的希特勒上臺(tái)后，馬上禁止在德國慶祝婦女節(jié)，并取消了婦女的選舉權(quán)。在黨代會(huì)上，希特勒曾說：“黨的任何基層組織中，哪怕是最不起眼的職位，也不能讓女人擔(dān)任……我敢說，99%的討論議題都是男人的事務(wù)，女人是沒這份兒判斷力的�！苯又终f：“德意志婦女總的來說還是想做妻子和母親。她們并不想當(dāng)同志，而那些赤色的為人民造福者卻試圖使自己和她們都相信這一點(diǎn)。她們并不盼望去工廠當(dāng)工人，并不盼望擔(dān)任公職或者做議員，而是更愿意有一個(gè)舒適的家、一個(gè)可愛的男人，還有一群幸福的孩子�！毙麄鞑块L戈培爾則心照不宣地對(duì)外宣布：“議會(huì)民主的陰謀詭計(jì)左右了德國政治，我們讓婦女遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)避開，不是因?yàn)槲覀儾蛔鹬貗D女，而是因?yàn)槲覀兲鹬厮齻兞�！�?/p>
不過，這也引來一些納粹女性的不滿。為了拉攏婦女，納粹黨調(diào)整策略，宣揚(yáng)“男人是生活的組織者，女人是他的幫手和執(zhí)行者”。在取消婦女節(jié)的同時(shí)，設(shè)立了母親節(jié)。母親節(jié)也是希特勒為紀(jì)念自己母親想出來的點(diǎn)子。他想用母親節(jié)鼓勵(lì)年輕女子生產(chǎn)報(bào)國。計(jì)劃出來后，得到納粹黨上下的大力支持。希特勒隨后公布，所有德國男人和孩子，必須在母親節(jié)那天，給母親和妻子贈(zèng)送鮮花和夾心巧克力作為贊賞、包容和愛的象征。他還選出一些詩句獻(xiàn)給德國婦女。
1936年，納粹黨出版的《國家社會(huì)主義啟蒙》一書還說：“德意志女人如葡萄美酒。愛她們，大地將鮮花盛開。德意志女人如家庭里的陽光。她們應(yīng)該保持體面，不與異族嬉戲。我們的民族應(yīng)該保持純潔，這是元首的崇高目標(biāo)�！奔{粹還十分強(qiáng)調(diào)“種族純潔”。希姆萊曾推行一個(gè)被稱為“生命之源”的北歐-日耳曼人種養(yǎng)育計(jì)劃。希特勒還特意喊出口號(hào)：“產(chǎn)房是德國婦女的戰(zhàn)場，飯勺是她們的武器�！�1943年，納粹還曾計(jì)劃采取所謂大眾生育計(jì)劃，所有婦女在35歲以前都必須與純種德意志男性至少生4個(gè)孩子，達(dá)到這個(gè)數(shù)字后，做丈夫的就有義務(wù)隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備將她另派“它用”。
消費(fèi)主義
在這一天，來自不同民族，年齡也不盡相同的各個(gè)城市街頭的男性，為女性——妻子、女朋友、女兒、同事、母親——準(zhǔn)備禮物。但隨著消費(fèi)主義取代了婦女節(jié)的女權(quán)主義政治立場，婦女節(jié)在蔓延的商業(yè)狂潮中失去了其獨(dú)特的性別政治意味，民眾開始對(duì)節(jié)日意義存在爭議。
20世紀(jì)后期，美國消費(fèi)主義時(shí)代的到來為媒體將女權(quán)主義議題“去政治化”提供了嶄新的方式。主流媒體與廣告商、銷售商實(shí)現(xiàn)共謀，其用消費(fèi)主義“去政治化”女權(quán)主義。公開放棄其原先的女權(quán)主義政治立場，以及鼓吹消費(fèi)主義文化等策略，來最終實(shí)現(xiàn)將女權(quán)主義議題“去政治化”的目的，使女權(quán)主義失去其在公共領(lǐng)域討論和爭辯婦女問題的理由。
例如：自1913年?duì)幦∑降鹊亩砹_斯女工慶祝婦女節(jié)以來，婦女節(jié)在俄羅斯已有百年歷史，成為俄羅斯女性的重要節(jié)日。據(jù)2016年《透視俄羅斯》報(bào)道，莫斯科男士將花費(fèi)約5億美元為心愛的她選購禮物。不少俄羅斯民眾認(rèn)為，盡管俄羅斯隆重慶祝婦女節(jié)，但象征女權(quán)主義的婦女節(jié)并未幫助女性在經(jīng)商或從政時(shí)享受到與男性平等的待遇。
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