如何寫好英語段落

如何寫好英語段落

　　在學習、工作、生活中，大家對段落都再熟悉不過了吧，有的段落只有一個句子，稱為獨句段，獨句段一般是文章的開頭段、結尾段、過渡段強調段等特殊的段落。你所見過的段落是什么樣的呢？下面是小編為大家整理的如何寫好英語段落，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。

　　主題句與推展句

　　1、主題句

　　主題句(topic sentence)是表達段落主題句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開。請看下例：

　　My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Don’t argue with parents;they will think you don’t love them.Don’t argue with children;they will think themselves victimized.Don’t argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate.Don’t argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly.My mother’s rules,in fact,can be summed up in two words: Don’t argue.

　　主題句中提出“certain rules”是指什么?展開句中通過四個“Don’t argue ——”逐一加以交代。從結構來看，這是一個比較典型段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結論句(即本段中末句)。

　　1.1、主題句位置

　　主題句通常放在段落開端，其特點是開門見山地擺出問題，然后加以詳細說明。其作用是使文章結構更清晰，更具說服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段內容。主題句可以放在段中起到承上啟下作用，或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初學者比較難于掌握，因而在四級考試中，考生應盡量采用將主題句放在段落開頭寫作手法。

　　例1:Our life today depends very much on energy.In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories,machines have made life easier than it used to be.The machines use energy,and energy is needed for heating,lighting,communications,carrying goods everything.Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

　　這段文字所講主要是能源問題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前生活很大程度上依賴于能源”。而隨后出現三句都是具體事例，對第一句進行說明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段主題句。

　　例2:(主題句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.(推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.(推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.

　　1.2、 如何寫好主題句中關鍵詞

　　段落主題句對主題限定主要是通過句中關鍵詞來表現。關鍵詞要盡量寫得具體些。對“具體”要求包括兩個方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落發展;二是要具體到能說明段落發展方法。準確地把握關鍵詞是清楚地表達段落主題、寫好段落主題句重要前提之一。在上面例1，例2中，主題句關鍵詞分別為：depends very much on energy;no one can avoid being influenced.

　　如何寫好英語段落

　　1.比較與對照的基本定義

　　比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個或兩個以上不同種類的共同點或相似點(similarities)，如人物、事物、地點、思想、觀點等。對照(contrast)主要是指它們的不同點(difference)。在大學英語中，比較和對照法往往同時使用。寫作時，首先應考慮要比較和對照的兩個或兩個以上的事物， 然后列一個表，發現這些事物的最主要特征，相同的或類似的特征可以比較，不同的特征可以組成對照。例如：

　　例1.Punctuality is the main constituent of good character.Aperson,who is always in time for his appointment,shows real considerationfor others.On the other hand,a person who is always lateshows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not worthy tobe friend with.(本段對守時(in time)與不能守時(late)的兩種不同的人進行了對照,用表示對照的連接詞“On the otherhand”進行了很好的連接。)。

　　例2.Paintings and photographs have something in common.But there are also some differences between them.(這段很好地展示出本文將用比較與對照的方法進行寫作。)

　　Paintings and photographs are visual art forms.They both cancapture a specific moment for all time.A painting reflects the skilland talent of a painter,likewise the quality of a photograph canrepresent the skill and talent of a photographer.(本段對paintingsand photographs兩個不同的種類進行了分析， 用連接詞(both)進行了很好的連接，用連接詞(likewise)用同樣的方式對它們的相同點(the skill and talent)進行了比較)。

　　Photographs are created by using film,a camera,and specialpaper.In contrast,paintings are created with paint,brushes,andcanvas.Photographs,like paintings,are often framed and displayedon walls in homes and galleries.Both can vary in size.However,photographs are usually small enough to keep in albumswhere they document family events.( 本段比較和對照法同時使用).In conclusion,although paintings and photographs are similarin some ways,there are also some differences between them.(本段對本文的比較與對照進行了小結)。

　　2.比較與對照的兩種基本寫作方法

　　2.1整體對比法(one-side-at-a-time method)

　　整體對比法：既先描述甲，再描述乙(A1，A2，A3，...B1，B2，B3，...)例 如大學英語作文“Where to live———In the City or inthe Countryside” 第一段可描述幾點城市生活(A1，A2，A3，...)，第二段可描述幾點農村生活(B1，B2，B3，...)，用整體對比法寫作。

　　例3.Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city.

　　(A).The city has better transportation service and health care.Citydwellers can easily enjoy themselves in restaurants,departmentstorees and concert halls.They are well-informed about what is goingon at home and abroad,and have the access to better education,better jobs and more opportunities for business.(A1,A2,A3,...)But country life is also attractive.(B).Country people are inclose contact with nature.They breathe fresh air and listen to thesong of the birds.They make friends with crops and trees,cows andsheep.And they enjoy the peace and calm of the pastoral environment.(B1,B2,B3,...)

　　However,both the city and the country have their own disadvantages.The city,despite all its good points,may be a place toocrowded for people to live in.And urban citizens are often underpressure,worrying over such problems as pollution,crime and unemployment.(A1,A2,...).As for rural inhabitants,they are freefrom becoming layoffs all right,yet they may find life far from thecity less convenient,and sometimes not as colorful or full of vigor.

　　(B1，B2，...)

　　2.2逐項對比法(point-by-point method)逐項對比法: 既雙方同時描述,逐點進行比較(A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...)

　　例4.Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving acar.First,it is a physical exercise to ride a bicycle.(A1).In contrast,sitting in the car,one tends to gain weight.(B1).Besides,it ismuch more economical to ride a bike than drive a car.On the otherhand,the only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax.However,the annual fees for a car are costly.(A2,B2).On the otherhand,a bike needn’t be equipped with a parking lot,but a carmust.(A3,B3).Most important of all,it is beneficial to the environmentto ride a bicycle because the bike doesn’t consume petrol;itis a pollution -free transport.In contrast,the exhaust released bythe car is harmful to the environment.(A4,B4).

　　寫好英語段落的方法

　　1 舉例法(examples)

　　舉例就是用具體生動的事例來闡述作者的觀點和見解的一種最簡捷、最有效的方法。也就是說，它用具體的事例來闡述主題句中的主導思想。用具體的事例來擴展主題句是最常用的寫作方法之一。它不僅使文章通俗易懂，而且還給讀者留下深刻印象，使文章更具有說服力。在選擇例證時要選擇最能支持你的觀點，最有說服力的句子。例子的多少主要由文章的長短而定。

　　[例]

　　Sports and games do a lot of good to our health.They can make usstrong,prevent us from getting too fat,and keep us healthy.Especiallythey can be of great value to people who work with their brains most ofthe day,for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercisingthe body.

　　例子中的第一句是主題句，即sports and games do a lot of good toour health.在此主題句中的主導思想是a lot of good.以下事例都是來進一步闡述主題中的主導思想的，即用具體事實來支持主題句中的觀點。

　　2 定義法(definition)

　　這了避免混亂和誤解，寫作時應對讀者不熟悉或有多種解釋的單詞、術語、概念下定義;所以定義法是文章寫作中常見的一種方法。定義法主要以下幾種方法：

　　2.1 運用同義詞或詞組來解釋某一術語或新詞。例如：

　　To mend means to repair.

　　2.2 用含有定語從句的句子為術語下定義。以定語從句下定義是最普遍的手段。這種手段一般包括三個組成部分：A 術語(term);B 術語所屬的類別(class);C 該術語與同類別其它事物的區別(difference).這種句子定義法的句型如下：

　　Term(術語)=its general class(基本屬類)+ how it is different 例如：

　　A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity.

　　2.3 擴展式定義：有時一個術語或概念比較復雜或比較重要，用同義詞定義或用句子定義還不能夠明確解釋清楚，或容易與其它同類詞混淆時，則有必要使用擴展式定義。擴展式定義的特點是先寫被定義的術語，然后再用具體實例證明，并使之與易混的概念區別開來。例如：

　　Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas,emotions,andexperiences in a distinctive form and style.Poetry,sometimes called“verse”,depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of languagefor its special effects.Poetry,even more than prose (all other writings)，depends on precise and suggestive wording.In other words,a poem saysmuch in little space.Poetry differs from prose in obvious way,also.Mostoften the first word of every line begins with a capital letter,even in themiddle of sentence.Poems sometimes contain rhyme,and often they havea particular rhythm,like music.

　　3 因果法(development by cause and effect)

　　論述因果關系應首先闡明事物發生的原因， 然后再論述其結果。但在有些情況下可能只說明事情的成因，或者只陳述其結果。在學術研究的各個領域里，因果關系的寫作是必不可少的。

　　We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because itcauses health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer ofthe lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs.Besides,it can bring about other health problems such as heart lungdiseases…It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death inour society.

　　因果法常用詞匯有：

　　3.1 動詞： 引述原因的有：to result from; to be the result of; to be dueto; to be a consequence of…引述結果的有：to lead to; to contribute to; to result in; to be thecause of,cause…

　　3.2 常用有介詞和介詞短語有：because of,owing to,on account of.

　　3.3 常用來表示原因的連詞有：because,as,since.For,in that,nowthat,seeing that,considering that,

　　3.4 常用來表示結果的語言素材有：so that,so…that,such…that,therefore,as a result,consequently,according ly,thus 等。

　　4 程序法

　　程序法是段落擴展的一種重要手段。表示程序的段落擴展是按時間順序展開的。它有兩種形式，即過程描述和過程指導。前者用于介紹某種事的發生過程，目的在于向人們提供信息知識;后者來告訴人們怎么做，目的是就某項工作向人們傳授實際操作方法。在程序描述中，我們根據事情發生的前后或者遵循程序或步驟，逐步描述。這各種段落擴展法常為科技文章所采用，并且動詞常用被動語態。例，

　　Do you know how paper is made? First,the logs are put in theshredder.Then they are cut into small chips and mixed with water andacid.Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned.Itis also chemically bleached to whiten it.After this,it is passed throughrollers to flatten it.Then,sheets of wet paper are produced.Finally,thewater is removed from the sheets which are pressed dried and refineduntil the finished paper is produced.

　　這是描述造紙的程序，一道工序接一道工序，否則就生產不出來。本段運用了大量被動語態。這種段落發展———程序描述———常為科技文章所采用。

　　5 時間順序法( time order)

　　時間順序常用來敘述一個故事，回顧歷史事件以及講解一個過程等。按時間順序安排組織的段落或文章應該先發生的先說，后發生的后說。所以組織用這種方法的擴展段落時，應注意選用時序信號詞，如first,second,third,at first,then finally 等。例，

　　There are three steps involved in making a woodcut(木刻，木刻畫).The first step is to cut a pattern on a flat block of wood.Second,spreadprinter’s ink over the surface of the wood block.Third,press the inkedblock against a sheet of paper.When the ink has bride on the paper,yourwoodcut is finished.

　　6 空間順序法(development by space)

　　按空間關系擴展的段落，它一定依照素材中所提到的位置以及相互關系加以說明。表示空間位置是指事物或人在空間所處的位置排列。如：從上到下，從左到右，由近及遠，從外到里等�？傊�，在描寫時，應選擇一個合適的起點開始，然后按照一定的順序描寫。使讀者能夠跟著作者的思路去順利地理解。表示空間關系(spacial relation) 常用的一些方位詞或表方位的詞組有：above,across from,also,around,up,under,below,beyond,down,here,inthe distance,nearby,next to,close to,on the left,on the right,oppositeto,on top of,beneath,over,vertical horizontal,parallel to 等， 這類表示上下左右，前后四方的詞或詞組常用來在表示空間段落的擴展中充當連接紐帶。這類文章可大至一個國家，小至一個房間。當然所描述的地方范圍越小，就越容易著手寫。例如：

　　My house consists of two floors: the ground floor and the first floor.On the ground floor there’s the dinning-room,sitting-room,the kitchenand the hall.In the hall we keep a stand for hats,coats and umbrellas.Astaircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor.On this floorthere are four bedrooms,a bathroom and lavatory.On top of the roof thereare three chimneys.In front of the house we have a small garden,inwhich we grow flowers.At the back of the house there’s a much largergarden with a lawn and some fruit trees.At the side of the house is agarage,where I keep my car.The garden is enclosed by a fence,with agate in it.

　　英語四級段落匹配拿高分的技巧

　　瀏覽題干，快速讀文章

　　因為段落匹配題的字數較多，仔細閱讀太浪費時間了，所以我們應當采用略讀的方式，先看題干，然后有目的的去閱讀文章，節省時間，而且可以將題干中一眼能看出選擇題做出來。

　　標出關鍵詞，對比答案

　　在讀題干時，應該先將題干中的關鍵詞找出來，比如：時間、地點、人名、地名等。然后去文中找相同關鍵的墮落，其中應該注意的是，有關鍵詞的段落不一定是正確選項，還需要大家根據題干中的意思和段落中表達的意思相比較得出。

　　相同意思詞語替換

　　除了根據關鍵詞定位段落的問題，還需要大家細讀文章，在題干和段落中可能出現同義詞替換的問題，舉個例子：

　　A series of books， mostly authored by Americans， warned……

　　一系列的書籍作者都是美國人，警告說……

　　A succession of books， mainly by Americans…… Sounded the alarm

　　這一段B段，開頭跟它差不多一樣，succession，意思是一個序列的，或者是一個系列的一撥兒的，千萬不要看成了成功，首先，可別看錯，mainly換成了mostly，而warned，警告，被換成了sounded the alarm，“拉響警笛”或“拉響警報”。因此我們可以看出，同義替換在段落信息匹配中是常被用到的。

　　因此，我們在平時練習中還要多積累同義替換的詞語，比如most,always等詞語的替換，如果我們說許多人用more and more people，但是表達很普通，但是可以將他升級成an increasing number of people.這樣表達就要比more and more people好，多積累一些高分表達，還能用到寫作中。

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