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托福閱讀考試信息題考點(diǎn)解析
在托福閱讀的十大題型中，事實(shí)信息題和詞匯題是占據(jù)比重最大的兩種題型，下面小編就給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x考試信息題考點(diǎn)解析，希望能夠?qū)Υ蠹矣兴鶐椭?
一、提問方式
1. According to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X?
2. According to Paragraph…, how / what/ why…?
3. Paragraph… / The passage supports which of the following statements aboutX?
帶有提問方式的題型可以總結(jié)為以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
a. 該題型屬于細(xì)節(jié)類題型，并且在大部分情況下題干中會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)明確的細(xì)節(jié)定位詞───X。
b. 該題型是對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)信息的正面提問(由題干中true / support可知)，這一點(diǎn)與否定事實(shí)信息題相反。
c. 該題型疑問部分一般由特殊疑問詞：which / how / what / why… 引導(dǎo)，可以得出該題型可以就某細(xì)節(jié)信息的具體“特性、原因、方式等”進(jìn)行發(fā)問。
二、解題步驟
第一步：讀題干，劃出定位詞。
定位詞特點(diǎn)：
a. 在提問方式1和3當(dāng)中就是X所代表的部分。
b. 在提問方式2中比較復(fù)雜，一般是尋找該句中的名詞部分，多數(shù)充當(dāng)句中的主語或賓語。
c. 定位詞有可能是原文原詞或者近義詞。
例題：
1. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statementsabout aquifers in deserts is true? (TPO 12Water in the Desert)
本題干的定位詞即aquifers, 符合提問方式1。
2. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?(TPO 13 Types of Social Groups)
本題干的定位詞即shunning, 符合提問方式2。
3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements aboutpainting in Europe? (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe)
本題干的定位詞即是painting in Europe, 符合提問方式3。
第二步：根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位。
注意：
1. 若定位詞非原文原詞，在定位過程中要對(duì)其在原文中的同義替換詞敏感。
2. 若定位詞在原文中出現(xiàn)若干次，要關(guān)注所有出現(xiàn)過的地方。
例題：
Paragraph3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on barewalls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporarypeoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human imagecould cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explainwhy human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focuson animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. Thistheory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made byspears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chiefmotivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signsof having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increasethe supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of theUpper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. (TPO 4: Cave Art in Europe)
According to paragraph 3, scholarsexplained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that______
Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animalsthey had seen.
The paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supplyof animals for hunting.
The artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls.
Upper Paleolithic people usedthe paintings to increase their luck at hunting.
解題步驟：
1. 讀題干，找出定位詞chips
2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)在原文中只有一處出現(xiàn)了chips的原詞。那么暫且將答案鎖定在該句。
Paragraph6: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback.Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat,even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old,or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded toa warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shortertime than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood isdriven by a simple need to keep warm. (TPO15: A Warm-blooded Turtle)
11. According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is most accurateabout young leatherback turtles?
They lackthe countercurrent exchange systems that developin adulthood.
Their rateof growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.
They lose heat easilyeven with insulation and countercurrent exchangesystems.
They switch betweencold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout theirhatchling stage
解題步驟：
1. 讀題干，劃出定位詞young leatherbackturtles
2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，在原文中并不能找到原文原詞。因此，考慮有可能是近義詞，進(jìn)而發(fā)現(xiàn)young leatherbackturtles的同義替換詞hatchlings。
(點(diǎn)評(píng)：該題的難點(diǎn)就在于定位，考生必須要對(duì)同義替換詞非常熟悉)
Paragraph 6: Groundwater is storedin the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sedimentsor in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rockor sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentaryrocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources ofgroundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when jointsand cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifersare deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged.Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but theycan be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. Theterm "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousandyears. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longerbeing recharged. (TPO 12: Water in the Desert)
8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statementsabout aquifers in deserts is true?
Water from limestone and sandstoneaquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers
Sand and gravel aquifers tend to containless groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers
Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to berecharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers
Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are notcapable of storing large amounts of groundwater
解題步驟：
1. 讀題干，找出定位詞aquifers in deserts
2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，在原文中找到了aquifers的原文原詞，但問題是出現(xiàn)了五次。
(點(diǎn)評(píng)：該題的難點(diǎn)不在于尋找定位詞，而在于定位詞出現(xiàn)次數(shù)過多，因此考生此時(shí)需要看的范圍非常大，對(duì)于考生篩選信息的能力要求比較高。)
第三步：比較定位句和選項(xiàng)，篩選出和原文信息匹配的選項(xiàng)。
注意：
1. 大多數(shù)情況下答案就在定位詞所在的句子里，但有時(shí)也有可能位于定位句的上一句或下一句。
2. 考生只需要核對(duì)定位句的信息和選項(xiàng)里的信息是否吻合即可，不需要推理。
3. 該題型對(duì)于考生的長難句分析能力要求比較高，因?yàn)橥ㄎ痪涠际墙Y(jié)構(gòu)上比較復(fù)雜的句子。
例題：
Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjectspastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantlyon the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such ruleslimit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (thoughthey may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks orjewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency andinhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealthand rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies,but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generatethe stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the termclass. Inequalities of gender have also existedin pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence ofsteep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement thatwomen acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. (TPO 14: Pastoralismin Ancient Inner Eurasia)
9. According to paragraph 4, the fact thatpastoralist communities are subject to “strict rules of portability”encourages such communities to
relocate less frequently than they would otherwise
have households that are more or less equal in wealth
become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk andjewelry
share large material surpluses with neighboringcommunities
解題步驟：
1. 讀題干，尋找定位詞，即題干部分已經(jīng)標(biāo)記陰影的strict rules of portability。
2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞所在的句子即是第一句。但仔細(xì)閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)本句話并不是答案。因?yàn)轭}目是想問某個(gè)現(xiàn)象的影響，而第一句話只是在描述這個(gè)現(xiàn)象。那么只有繼續(xù)往下看，發(fā)現(xiàn)第三句話Such rules limit… 可以推斷這里的代詞such rules應(yīng)該指代的定位詞strict rules of portability, 而且仔細(xì)閱讀該句話的意思也是在說明某件事的影響。
3. 比較定位句與選項(xiàng)：
定位句：Such rules limit variations inaccumulated material goods between pastoralist households. 大致意思說：“這樣的條例會(huì)限制不同游牧家庭之間所收集的產(chǎn)品的差別”。
選項(xiàng)A談到relocate定居，不符合該句話;B選項(xiàng)more or less equal in wealth就等同于limit variations in accumulatedmaterial goods; C選項(xiàng)self-sufficient自滿自足的，不符合原文;D選項(xiàng)share large material surplus共享剩余產(chǎn)品資料，不符合原文。
點(diǎn)評(píng)：
該題的主要難點(diǎn)在于定位詞所在句并不是答案，考察考生在更大范圍內(nèi)搜索答案。在考試時(shí)間比較緊張的情況之下，非常考察一個(gè)考生的沉著冷靜。
Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crudeoil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic mattermay partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soonas the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
2. According to paragraph 1, whichof the following is true about petroleum formation?
Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil andnatural gas.
Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formationto begin.
Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combineswith decaying marine organisms.
Petroleum formation appears tobegin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.
解題步驟：
1. 讀題干，找到定位詞petroleum formation;
2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞，并且通段都是在介紹petroleum是如何形成的。所以，此時(shí)只能通讀整段，結(jié)合排除法對(duì)選項(xiàng)一一排除。
3. 選項(xiàng)A微生物microscopic organism能夠制造出原油crude oil和天然氣，不符合原文。因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)文章，石油的形成主要來自于有機(jī)物organic matter, 而微生物microscopic organism只是起到一個(gè)幫助前者分解的作用。因此要排除A。選項(xiàng)B考點(diǎn)詞為Large amounts of oxygen, 原文并沒有提到具體需要的氧氣量。選項(xiàng)C organic material與marine organisms結(jié)合形成石油，不符合原文，因?yàn)閼?yīng)該是有機(jī)物organic matter和微生物microscopic organism結(jié)合。選項(xiàng)D符合原文，與原文第一句話Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and naturalgas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment的意思符合。其中同義替換部分為originate from = begin。
點(diǎn)評(píng)：
該題的主要難點(diǎn)在于定位詞不夠specific, 不夠獨(dú)特。當(dāng)該題型給出的定位詞整個(gè)通段都在描述相關(guān)信息的時(shí)候，那么考生極有可能需要通段瀏覽，且只能用排除法一一進(jìn)行排除。
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