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      1. 英語學術論文寫作

        時間:2022-11-15 12:09:05 論文寫作 我要投稿

        英語學術論文寫作

          英語的學術論文的提綱以及要點都是同學們關心的問題,那么怎樣的寫法才符合論文的標準呢?

        英語學術論文寫作

         

          格式

          Title(標題)

          Abstract(摘要)

          Keywords(關鍵詞)

          Table of contents(目錄)

          Nomenclature(術語表)

          Introduction(引言)

          Method(方法)

          Results(結果)

          Discussion(討論)

          Conclusion(結論)

          Acknowledgement(致謝)

          Reference(參考文獻)

          Appendix(附錄)

          其中Title,Abstract,Introduction,Method,Result,Discussion,Conclusion,Reference等八項內容是必不可少的(其他內容根據具體需要而定)。在這八項內容中,讀者最多的是Title,Abstract和Introduction部分,讀者會根據這些內容來決定是否閱讀全文。也就是說,一篇研究論文贏得讀者的多少,在很大程度上取決于Title,Abstract和Introduction寫得好壞。因此這三項內容將各分章詳細加以講述。

          學術論文的正文一般包括Method,Result,Discussion三個部分。這三部分主要描述研究課題的具體內容、方法,研究過程中所使用的設備、儀器、條件,并如實公布有關數據和研究結果等。Conclusion是對全文內容或有關研究課題進行的總體性討論。它具有嚴密的科學性和客觀性,反映一個研究課題的價值,同時提出以后的研究方向。

          標題的寫法

          論文標題是全文內容的縮影。讀者通過標題便能夠預測論文的主要內容和作者的意圖,從而決定是否閱讀全文。因此,為了使文章贏得有關領域里眾多的讀者,論文的標題必須用最精煉的語言恰如其分地體現全文的主題和核心。本章主要探討英語學術論文標題的語言特點及寫法。

          6.1 標題的長度

          標題 單詞總數 名詞數 介詞數 形容詞等

          1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2

          2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0

          3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3

          14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2

          5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2

          6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4

          英語科技論文中,標題不宜過長,大多為8—12個單詞左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些學術論文的標題的字數及詞性統計資料。

          表6.1 學術論文標題中字數及詞性統計(一)

          標題 單詞總數 名詞數 介詞數 形容詞等

          7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2

          8) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4

          9) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 2

          10) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0

          11) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2

          12) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2

          13 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l

          14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.

          15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3

          平均(約) 9 5.5 1.5 2

          來源:中國第三屆青年學術會議論文集,材料科學與工程技術。北京:中國科學技術出版社,1998。

          標 題 單詞總數 名詞數 介詞數 形容詞等

          1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2

          2) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2

          3) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l

          4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3

          5) Heavy Weight Contenders:a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2

          6) A1uminutn:Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 3

          7) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 4

          8) Sustaining the Discussion:Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3

          9) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l

          10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6

          11) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 1

          12) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8 5 0 3

          13) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts

          & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7

          14) Impact of Cancer:Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2

          標 題 單詞總數 名詞數 介詞數 形容 詞等

          15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5

          平均(約) 9.5 5 1.5 3

          來源:The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)

          表6.1中列出的是中國科協第三屆青年學術年會論文集中15篇英文論文的標題,平均9個單詞。表6.2列出的是從The Ohio Journal of Science中隨機挑出的15篇論文的標題,平均9.5個單詞。

          要想用有限的字數概括全文的主旨,用詞必須仔細斟酌和推敲,選擇最簡練、最準確、最貼切的詞來表達全文的主要內容。

          6.2 標題的用詞

          從表6.1和表6.2可以看出,標題中用得最多的是名詞(包括動名詞),平均占總單詞數的50%~60%之高。其中有的標題中80%以上的詞為名詞。除名詞外,用得較多的是介詞,有時使用形容詞、冠詞、連詞、副詞。

          標題是對全文重要內容的高度概括,因此用詞要貼切、中肯,不能有任何隨意性。為了便于檢索,標題中所用的詞盡量使用表達全文內容的關鍵詞,下面舉例說明標題中關鍵詞的出現率。例1

          a. 標題:On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components

          b.

          關鍵詞:fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction ·

          疲勞 點焊 汽車 壽命預測

          b.標題:Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling

          關鍵詞:mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting

          鑄件充型 計算機模擬 冷隔 鑄造

          c.標題:Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant

          關鍵詞:air bag out-of-position occupant

          安全氣囊 離位乘員

          c. 標題:New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions

          關鍵詞:fatigue test statistical method test specimens

          疲勞實驗 統計方法 試樣分析:

          例1a中,有4個關鍵詞,在標題里出現了3個,而標題中出現的兩個名詞詞組fatigue life prediction 和 spot welded components都是文章的關鍵詞。

          在例1b中,有4個關鍵詞,其中3個出現在標題里。標題中用了4個名詞詞組:computer simulation,experimental study,cold shut,mold filling,其中3個是關鍵詞。

          例1c中有2個關鍵詞,在標題里都出現。標題中用了3個名詞或名詞詞組:investigation,air bags deployment forces,out-of-position occupant,其中兩個是關鍵詞。

          例1d中有3個關鍵詞,其中2個出現在標題里。

          從上面四個例子可以看出,標題中的用詞多是文章的關鍵詞,明確、精煉,將文章的主要內容予以高度概括。

          標題中用得最多的是名詞或名詞詞組,一般不用動詞或動詞詞組。如果用動詞,則用非謂語動詞形式,如動名詞、不定式或分詞。

          從表6.1和表6.2可以看出,在標題平均9個單詞中,有5.5個是名詞,占一半以上。除名詞外,用得較多的是介詞of,in,on等,再其次是連詞and和形容詞。偶爾也需要用一些其他詞性的詞,如副詞、冠詞等。

          6.3 標題的結構

          學術文章的標題主要有三種結構:名詞性詞組(包括動名詞),介詞詞組,名詞詞組+介詞詞組。間或也用一個疑問句作標題(多用在人文社會科學領域),但一般不用陳述句或動詞詞組作標題。

          (1)名詞性詞組

          名詞性詞組由名詞及其修飾語構成。名詞的修飾語可以是形容詞、介詞短語,有時也可以是另一個名詞。名詞修飾名詞時,往往可以縮短標題的長度。以下各標題分別由兩個名詞詞組構成。

          例2

          a.Severe Weather and the Automobile

          (名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)

          b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics

          (名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)

          c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling

          (名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)

          d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College

          (名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)

          Experience

          (2)介詞詞組

          介詞詞組由介詞十名詞或名詞詞組構成。如果整個標題就是一個介詞詞組的話,一般這個介詞是“on”,意思是“對……的研究”。

          例3

          a. On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor

          b. On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures

          (3)名詞/名詞詞組+介詞詞組這是標題中用得最多的結構。

          例4

          a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .

          (名詞) (介詞詞組)

          b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels

          (名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)

          c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students

          (名詞詞組) (名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)

          d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students

          (名詞) (介詞詞組) (介詞詞組)

          e.Diversity in the Future Work Force

          (名詞) (介詞詞組)

          f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials

          (名詞) (介詞詞組)

          g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy

          (名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)

          h.Acoustics of Long Spaces:Theory and Application

          (名詞) (介詞詞組) (名詞詞組)

          i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces

          (名詞) (介詞詞組)

          on Out-of-Position Occupant

          (介詞詞組)

          j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development

          (名詞) (介詞詞組) in an Urban Environment

          (介詞詞組)

          標題中的介詞詞組一般用來修飾名詞或名詞詞組,從而限定某研究課題的范圍。這種結構與中文的“的”字結構相似,區別是中文標題中修飾語在前,中心詞在后。英文正好相反,名詞在前,而作為修飾語的介詞短語在后。

          例5

          a. Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials

          燃料電池及其材料進展

          b. Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling

          鑄件充型中冷隔過程計算機模擬及其實驗研究

          c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components

          點焊汽車構件疲勞壽命預測

          c. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant

          安全氣囊對離位乘員作用力的分析與研究

          (4)其他形式

          對于值得爭議的問題,偶爾可用疑問句作為論文的標題,以點明整個論文討論的焦點。

          例6

          a. Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?

          b. Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?

          c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?

          有的標題由兩部分組成,用冒號(:)隔開。

          一般來說,冒號前面一部分是研究的對象、內容或課題,比較籠統,冒號后面具體說明研究重點或研究方法。

          這種結構可再分為三種模式。

          模式1 研究課題:具體內容

          例7

          a. Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology:Barriers and Needs

          b. Fire Resistant Steels for Construction:Design,Properties and Microchemistry

          c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application

          d.Impact of Cancer:Coping Process and Quality of Life

          模式2 研究課題:方法/性質

          例8

          a. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell:A Survey

          b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study

          c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey

          d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two Case Studies

          模式 3 研究課題:問題焦點

          a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?

          b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?

          c. Manure: Friend or Foe?

          思考題

          下面這寫論文標題是否合適?如果不合適,請修改。

          1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music

          2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans

          3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land

          4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education

          5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education

          6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered

          7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices

          8. Yellow Fever’s Effect on Transportation and Commerce

          9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science

          10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University

          11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability

          to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis

          參考答案

          下面這寫論文標題是否合適?如果不合適,請修改。

          1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合適)

          2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合適)

          改為 :Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans

          3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land(不合適)

          該為: Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land

          4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合適)

          該為: Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education

          5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合適 )

          6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered(不合適)

          改為: Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages

          7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合適)

          該為 :Use of Diamond for Electric Devices

          8. Yellow Fever’s Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合適)

          9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合適)

          改為: The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science

          10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University (合)

          11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不適)

          該為: The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis

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