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學(xué)術(shù)論文英文摘要寫作要點
英文摘要是科學(xué)家在現(xiàn)代科技交流中高速地輸入和輸出信息的重要手段。本文討論了優(yōu)秀英文摘要的基本要素，包括文摘的功能，文摘的種類，文摘的內(nèi)容和文摘的風(fēng)格。同時提供了簡明的英文摘要寫作指南。
文摘是長篇文獻的縮影，它置于論文、技術(shù)報告、專論、和其他文獻之前，概括總結(jié)和突出文獻的要點.在科技文獻急驟增加的信息時代，各種文獻雜志和檢索系統(tǒng)情報庫應(yīng)運而生，種類越來越多，覆蓋面越來越廣，信息量越來越大。文摘已成為科技人員輸人和輸出信息的重要手段，成為科學(xué)交流中傳遞科技情報的重要方式.為了促進國際交流，各國科技出版物都附有英文摘要.本文擬從英文摘要的功能、種類、內(nèi)容和文體風(fēng)格等方面對英文摘要的寫法進行探討。
英文摘要的功能
好的英文摘要應(yīng)具備以下功能
1. 提供足夠的信息，讓讀者迅速準確地了解文獻的基本內(nèi)容，幫助該專業(yè)讀者決定是否查閱原文，幫助相關(guān)專業(yè)讀者毋需閱讀原文就能獲得所需要的信息;
2. 幫助一次出版物的編輯人員縮短選稿進程，使他們一看文摘就能估計該文獻的深度和創(chuàng)造性;
3. 減輕文獻雜志等二次出版物的編輯工作，供他們直接采用或稍作加工就使用;
4. 幫助克服使用一次文獻的語言障礙
英文摘要的種類
文摘可根據(jù)內(nèi)容、目的、結(jié)構(gòu)及作者等不同標(biāo)準來分類。短的文摘只有一句話，甚至只有一個短語，放在標(biāo)題之前或之后，點出文獻的最精彩部分，類似于一個副標(biāo)。例如：
This paper describes results of research in process on the feasibility of Pre-Earthquake for Post-Earthquake Rebuilding (PEPER)
長的文摘長達數(shù)百詞，分成幾段，類似一篇短的論文.有的文摘是由作者自己寫的，置于一次出版物之前，稱為作者文摘;有的則是由專門的文摘員或其他編輯人員寫。目前，普遍根據(jù)內(nèi)容特征把文摘分成資料性文摘(Informative Abstract)、指示性文摘(Indicative Abstract)和資料-指示性文摘(Informative-Indicative Abstract) 3 種。
資料性文摘概括地敘述文獻的研究對象、性質(zhì)、目的、范圍、方法、過程、條件、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。它不但包括文獻的基本思想和主要論點，同時也包括基本事實和主要論據(jù)，還包括所取得成果的技術(shù)性能、參數(shù)特征、使用范圍、價值意義等。下面是一篇摘自『能量研究文摘』的資料性摘要。
Thee paper analyzes the petroleum-industry price and allocation controls that dominated US energy policy during the 1970s. It is emphasized that since controls on refined products tied maxilnuln prices to costs of production, the market effects of this regulatory system were quite unusual. The paper shows that controls induced firms to price refined products below marginal costs. In addition, the regulations tended to increase the degree of dispe rsion in prices charged by firms in the industry. Finally, in the context of multiple-product analysis, it is shown that the presence of effective ceiling prices for any of the products reduced the prices of all products below marginal costs.
這樣的文摘包括了文獻的實質(zhì)內(nèi)容，它可以獨立存在，只要注明此摘要出自何處，就可供文摘雜志和各類情報庫使用。這樣的文摘有相當(dāng)高的實用價值，絕大多數(shù)文摘雜志上的摘要都屬這類資料性文摘。
指示性文摘僅列出一次文獻所探討的對象、目的、角度、方法和主要結(jié)論而無具體的實質(zhì)性信息，讀者不能從文摘中直接獲取所需要的事實。一次文獻上所附的文摘中有相當(dāng)一部分都是這種指示性文摘，起指導(dǎo)閱讀的作用。目前大多數(shù)學(xué)報均使用指示性文摘(請參閱本文的英文摘要)，目的在于吸引讀者閱讀論文全文。例如：
New methods for the synthesis of submicmn Tib 2 powders have be en found and experimentally demonstrated. Three reaction schemes are proposed that can give submicron Tib 2 powders as end product. Some properties of these powders are discussed.
文摘中僅僅提到合成粉末有 3 種反應(yīng)技巧和討論了粉末的性能，要想知道是哪 3 種反應(yīng)技巧和討論了粉末的哪些性能，讀者必須閱讀全文。
資料-指示性文摘綜合了以上兩種文摘的特點。例如：
The author examines eight major residential appliances in the US that currently consunle 8.9 quads/year, representing more than 12% of total 1984 US energy use. Expenditures on energy for these appliances totaled over $56 billion in 1984. Results indicate that improving the efficiency of all these appliances to economically optimal levels would reduce these annual expenditures by almost 30%, a savings of $17 billion per year. In steady state, the annualized additional investment cost to achieve this efficiency improvement is $7 billion. So the net savings is about $10 billion per year. This paper describes and analyzes energy efficiency choices for residenfial appliances and space conditioning equipment. The first section briefly illustrates historical trends in the average efficiencies of new appliances sold in the United States during the last decade. The second section shows results of the life-cycle cost analysis of eight major residential appliances. Results provide striking evidence that the market is not achieving economically optimal efficiency levels.
英文摘要的內(nèi)容
理想的文摘通常應(yīng)包括以下主要內(nèi)容：目的和范圍、方法和過程、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。
1. 目的和范圍
多數(shù)文摘一開始便簡明扼要地說明該研究或?qū)嶒灥哪康暮头秶�，或者陳述寫這篇文章的原因，有的文摘同時又指出或暗示該項研究的特點、結(jié)果和意義。目的和范圍要寫得具體，要能吸引讀者，要給讀者留下深刻的印象。在表示目的和范圍時，常用下列句型：
This paper develops a theoretical framework to evaluate the benefits and costs of energy projects in oil-producing developing countries.
This paper presents an approach to equipment reliability prediction based on the concept that failures of electronic equipment are ultimately due to chemical, mechanical and/or metallurgical processes.
This paper ( report, thesis，work, presentation, document, account, etc.) describes ( reports, explains, outlines, summarizes, documents, evaluates, surveys, develops, investigates, discusses, focuses on, analyzes, etc. ) the results (approach, role, framework, etc.) of ...
This paper ( article, report, etc.) addresses ( is concerned with, argues, specifies, covers, etc.) the following questions...
This paper has three main objectives...
This research project is devoted to…
The objective ( purpose, motivation, etc.) of this paper ( report, program, etc.) is...
Our goal has been to develop...
目的和范圍也常用名詞短語前置的句型表示，把重點內(nèi)容放在最顯著的位置加以強調(diào)。如
Procedures for testing atmospheric transport and dispersion models for distances of several hundred to 1000 km from sources of pollutants are reviewed.
The first known measurement of the differential cross section for electron capture to the continuum (ECC) from atomic hydrogen is presented.
為了使句子平衡而不至于過分的頭重腳輕，也常使用下列句式：
New results are presented of studies of the applicafion of inorganic exchangers in the following fields...
Detailed information is presented about...
An account is provided of...
方法和過程
在源于實驗的論文摘要里，通常需要描述實驗的方法和過程，特別要注重描述新方法。當(dāng)然有時也需要描述基本原理、操作程序及精確度等。在非源于實驗的論文摘要里，如各種評論文章的摘要，可描述資料的來源和資料的處理方法。寫這一部分時應(yīng)采用一些連接手段，諸如詞匯手段、語法手段和邏輯承接語等，使之前后連貫，過渡自然，易于理解。這一部分不宜寫得太繁瑣、太長。有的文摘省掉了這一部分，有的文摘把「方法和過程」與「目的和范圍」揉進一個句子。請看下面的例子：
The method of preparation is based on a chemical bath deposition process during which a cathode potential is applied to the substrate.
The mechanical and cohesion properties of brass plated steel cords have been investigated in dryhydrogen sulphide between 25℃ and 450℃.
結(jié)果和結(jié)論
結(jié)果和結(jié)論是科學(xué)研究的結(jié)晶，是讀者普遍關(guān)心的問題，是論文、報告等文獻的重要部分，在文摘里也應(yīng)該清楚地表示出來。結(jié)果和結(jié)論在文摘里不一定要分開陳述，但要注意把推測和事實分開。這里所說的「結(jié)果」，包括各種實驗和理論方面的結(jié)果、收集到的數(shù)據(jù)以及觀察到的新現(xiàn)象等。對于各種新的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)盡可能準確詳盡地寫出來。如果有許多發(fā)現(xiàn)的話，應(yīng)首先考慮新的和經(jīng)過驗證的事件、與以前的理論不相符的發(fā)現(xiàn)或與實際問題有關(guān)的發(fā)現(xiàn)�！附Y(jié)論」可以是這些「結(jié)果」的價值、用途與意義，也可以是各種假設(shè)或建議。文摘中的結(jié)果或結(jié)論常用下列句型表示。
It was found that both molecular weight an d its distribution affected tensile strength
It has been observed (shown, proved , etc.) that...
These experiments indicate (reveal, show, demonstrate, etc.) that...
The approach (method, framework, etc.) promises to be very useful for...
The (experimental) results show (indicate, suggest, etc.)that...
It is shown (concluded, proposed, etc.)that...
This could imply that...
This strategy appeared to be effective in...
These studies are of significance to ...
These results have direct application to...
英文摘要的文體
一般的英文摘要為 200 詞左右的一段文章，用標(biāo)準的英語、規(guī)范的語法和完整的句子，簡明扼要地陳述一次文獻的目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。文摘自身要完整，可以不依附于一次文獻而獨立存在。它應(yīng)盡可能多地包含一次文獻的信息，最好能保持一次文獻的基調(diào)和風(fēng)格，但不能出現(xiàn)一次文獻里沒有的東西。由于篇幅的限制，文摘不宜列舉例證，不宜引用他人的作品，不宜使用插圖和表格。為了提高可讀性 (readability)，文摘中應(yīng)盡量少用或不用非標(biāo)準的縮寫詞及符號，方程式和分子式，不宜過多地運用太專業(yè)化的術(shù)語。好的文摘應(yīng)是：信息準確，文字精煉，連貫流暢，邏輯性強，通俗易懂，引人人勝。請看下例：
The nature of quality education is to nurture qualified people with creative spirit an ability. The kernel of quality education is individualization accomplishing education.The premise of individualizational accomplishing education is to recognize that every student is unique, and we should conduct special education to every student in accordance with his aptitude, and help every student to develop his own individual characteristics. The key of individualizafional accomplishing education is to make every student be initiative to put the foundation on students, and to treat students as the main part of education. Do not excessively responsive, directing, and demanding to students. Individualizational accomplishing education represents the humanity spirits of modern education.
1. 文摘的開頭
文摘關(guān)系到讀者是否閱讀文獻全文，文摘的開頭多種多樣。下面這兩種方法是比較好的，用得比較普遍。
(1) 用陳述目的和范圍的主題句開始。這種方法開門見山，直截了當(dāng)，使讀者一下就抓住文摘的中心。如：
This paper describes recent modeling and experimental studies of reverse combustion (RC) linking, aimed at understanding the propagation of dynamics of a RC front.
(2) 在回顧歷史或總結(jié)現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上提出問題。引出文獻的主題。這種方法邏輯性強，絲絲入扣，使讀者產(chǎn)生一種非一口氣讀完，找到解決問題的方法方肯罷休的強烈愿望。如：
Recent research on parallel systems has shown that the most difficult problem for system designers and users is inter-processor connection and communication. A methodology for the automated design and implementation of inter-processor communication for certain multiple-processor systems has been developed and is presented in this paper.
2. 文摘的結(jié)尾
文摘的結(jié)尾如同文摘的開頭一樣，給人以深刻的印象。文摘的結(jié)尾方法多種多樣，但下面兩種方法使用得比較經(jīng)常。
(1) 用「結(jié)論」結(jié)尾。如果是源于實驗的論文文摘，常在結(jié)尾指出這些實驗結(jié)果表明什么;如果論文是關(guān)于一種新方法、新工藝或新裝置，結(jié)尾時可指明其用途或價值。如：
The results indicate that the sludge ash could be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete.
Hot hardness testing promises to be very useful for geoscientific purposes and applicable to a wide range of experimental research.
(2) 指出文獻中的其他內(nèi)容。如：
The consequences of changing the timing or volume of the material requirements are also considered.
This paper also includes a comparison with other flooding studies performed elsewhere.
3. 文摘的人稱
絕大多數(shù)英文摘要都使用第三人稱(但不使用 he 和 she)，間或出現(xiàn) the author(s)，the writer(s) 和第一人稱 we，即使原文獻作者只有 1 人，也宜用「we」
而不宜用「I」。請看下面這篇文摘，作者是 Ahmed E. Kamal.
In this paper we study local area networks based on the star topology. We consider different access protocols used for communication over star networks. The study is concerned with network performance. We present models for the analysis of existing star network protocols. We also propose a new access protocol for star networks. The protocol has a performance that is very close to perfect scheduling. It is based on using the semaphore mechanism for bandwidth sharing. We also present an exact performance model for this protocol.
4. 文摘的語態(tài)
目前各國出版的英文摘要中，相當(dāng)一部分用被動語態(tài)寫成，以減少主觀因素，增強客觀性。如：
Energy balan ce concepts were used to determine the amount of energy lost due to damping in a run-arrest fracture event. Possible sources of damping were identified and experiments were conducted to determine their relative contribution to the overall damping.
但現(xiàn)在許多科技刊物編輯和語言學(xué)家都主張在科技英語寫作中使用主動語態(tài)。美國國家標(biāo)準 (American National Standard) 要求科技作者「Useverbs in the active voice whenever posible; they contribute to clear, brief, forceful writing.」
5. 文摘中的縮寫詞
由于篇幅原因，在學(xué)術(shù)論文英文摘要中廣泛使用縮寫詞，其使用頻率遠遠超出其他類型的文獻。為了不使讀者費解，當(dāng)縮合詞第一次出現(xiàn)時，應(yīng)在它的前面或后面注出全文。例如：
This paper describes a model of residential consumption of natural gas. The model is estimated with two different but parallel data sources: the Energy Infommtion Administration's (EIA) New Energy Price and Expenditure Data System (EPEDS) and data published by the American Gas Association(AGA). These data are supplemented by data for explanatory variables, which are described in the text.
英文摘要寫作要素
準備簡明、完整、獨立的文摘
簡要地陳述文獻的目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論
在有限的篇幅里盡量多容納文獻的內(nèi)容
文摘中定量定性信息應(yīng)與文獻中的相符
使用標(biāo)準英語和準確術(shù)語，遵循傳統(tǒng)語法和標(biāo)點規(guī)則
不要在文摘里出現(xiàn)文獻里沒有的東西
不要在文摘中陳述背景知識和引用他人作品
不用非標(biāo)準的縮寫詞、符號，也不用圖表和其他非文字性材料
當(dāng)不太熟悉的縮寫詞第一次出現(xiàn)時，應(yīng)注出全文
刪去不必要的單詞、短語和句子
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