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      1. 呼吸機相關性肺炎診斷和治療進展

        時間:2024-09-10 10:09:59 臨床醫學畢業論文 我要投稿
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        呼吸機相關性肺炎診斷和治療進展

        畢業論文

        摘要:

               呼吸機相關性肺炎是1類特殊類型的院內感染,尤其對于危重患者,其患病率和死亡率較高,早期診斷和規范化治療非常重要。目前在診斷方面尚有1些爭議,治療上尚無統1流程,本文就近幾年呼吸機相關肺炎診治和預防策略研究進展作簡要綜述,以期為呼吸機相關性肺炎的臨床規范性治療提供依據,最終降低呼吸機相關性肺炎的死亡率。
               關鍵詞: 呼吸機相關性肺炎;機械通氣;診斷;治療

        呼吸機相關性肺炎診斷和治療進展

               Advance in Diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator-associated pneumonia
               Cong-shan YANG, Hai-bo QIU.
               Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-Da Hospital and School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China


               ABSTRACT
               Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a special type of nosocomial infection. Because of high morbidity and mortality, it is very important,especially for critically ill patients. Early diagnosis and normalization treatment is very necessary. At present, there still has some argument in diagnosis and without united flowsheet in treatment. This review is about the advance in diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, according to the recent articles. We want to provide more evidence to guide our clinical work,finally decrease the mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
               Key words: Ventilator-associated pneumonia; mechanical ventilation; diagnosis; treatment


               呼吸機相關性肺炎(Ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是指經氣管插管或氣管切開管行機械通氣48小時后至撤機拔管48小時內發生的新的肺實質感染,是醫院獲得性肺炎(Hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP)中最重要的類型之1。根據發病時間,可分為早發性VAP(機械通氣≤4天) 和晚發性VAP(機械通氣≥5天) [1]。因患者人群不同,VAP患病率在6%~52%不等。并發VAP的患者ICU住院時間和總住院時間明顯延長,住院費用明顯增加,死亡率增加。有研究表明ICU患者合并VAP的死亡率(crude mortality)為24%~76% [2]。因此,提高對VAP的認識,早期診斷、積極治療和預防非常重要。
               1、診斷
               VAP的診斷要綜合考慮兩個方面:1是判斷是否存在肺炎;2是明確感染的病原微生物。
               目前診斷VAP的金標準仍然是組織病理學有炎癥反應和肺活組織培養微生物陽性,但此標準臨床難以實施,1般多采用臨床診斷標準和臨床肺部感染評分(clinical pulmonary infection score,CPIS)。臨床診斷標準為 X線 胸片出現新的浸潤陰影或原有浸潤陰影擴大,同時具有下列3項中的兩項或兩項以上:①發熱;②白細胞計數增高或降低;③膿性痰。此診斷標準的敏感性為69%,特異性為75%。其中 X線 胸片是診斷VAP最敏感的指標,但有較高的假陽性率,應與肺水腫、肺泡出血、肺不張、肺栓塞以及肺纖維化等相鑒別。

        摘要:

               呼吸機相關性肺炎是1類特殊類型的院內感染,尤其對于危重患者,其患病率和死亡率較高,早期診斷和規范化治療非常重要。目前在診斷方面尚有1些爭議,治療上尚無統1流程,本文就近幾年呼吸機相關肺炎診治和預防策略研究進展作簡要綜述,以期為呼吸機相關性肺炎的臨床規范性治療提供依據,最終降低呼吸機相關性肺炎的死亡率。
               關鍵詞: 呼吸機相關性肺炎;機械通氣;診斷;治療

               Advance in Diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator-associated pneumonia
               Cong-shan YANG, Hai-bo QIU.
               Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-Da Hospital and School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China


               ABSTRACT
               Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a special type of nosocomial infection. Because of high morbidity and mortality, it is very important,especially for critically ill patients. Early diagnosis and normalization treatment is very necessary. At present, there still has some argument in diagnosis and w

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