There are many different beliefs about the origin of the Lantern Festival. But one thing for sure is that it had something to do with religious worship.
One legend tells us that it was a time to worship Taiyi, the God of Heaven in ancient times. The belief was that the God of Heaven controlled the destiny of the human world. He had sixteen dragons at his beck and call and he decided when to inflict drought, storms, famine or pestilence(瘟疫)upon human beings. Beginning with Qinshihuang, the first emperor to unite the country, all subsequent emperors ordered splendid ceremonies each year. The emperor would ask Taiyi to bring favorable weather and good health to him and his people. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty directed special attention to this event. In 104 BC, he proclaimed it one of the most important celebrations and the ceremony would last throughout the night.
Another legend associates the Lantern Festival with Taoism. Tianguan is the Taoist god responsible for good fortune. His birthday falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It is said that Tianguan likes all types of entertainment. So followers prepare various kinds of activities during which they pray for good fortune.
The third story about the origin of the festival is like this. Buddhism first entered China during the reign of Emperor Mingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty. That was in the first century. However, it did not exert any great influence among the Chinese people. one day, Emperor Mingdi had a dream about a gold man in his palace. At the very moment when he was about to ask the mysterious figure who he was, the gold man suddenly rose to the sky and disappeared in the west. The next day, Emperor Mingdi sent a scholar to India on a pilgrimage(朝圣)to locate Buddhist scriptures. After journeying thousands of miles, the scholar finally returned with the scriptures. Emperor Mingdi ordered that a temple be built to house a statue of Buddha and serve as a repository for the scriptures. Followers believe that the power of Buddha can dispel darkness. So Emperor Mingdi ordered his subjects to display lighted lanterns during what was to become the Lantern Festival.
元宵節關于燈的傳說
傳說在很久以前，兇禽猛獸很多，四處傷害人和牲畜，人們就組織起來去打它們，有一只神鳥困為迷路而降落人間，卻意外的被不知情的獵人給射死了。天帝知道后十分震怒，立即傳旨，下令讓天兵于正月十五日到人間放火，把人間的人畜財產通通燒死。天帝的女兒心地善良，不忍心看百姓無辜受難，就冒著生命的危險，偷偷駕著祥云來到人間，把這個消息告訴了人們。眾人聽說了這個消息，有如頭上響了一個焦雷。嚇得不知如何是好，過了好久，才有個老人家想出個法子，他說：“在正月十四、十五、十六日這三天，每戶人家都在家里張燈結彩、點響爆竹、燃放煙火。這樣一來，天帝就會以為人們都被燒死了”。
大家聽了都點頭稱是，便分頭準備去了。到了正月十五這天晚上，天帝往下一看，發覺人間一片紅光，響聲震天，連續三個夜晚都是如此，以為是大火燃燒的火焰，以中大快。人們就這樣保住了自己的生命及財產。為了紀念這次成功，從此每到正月十五，家家戶戶都懸掛燈籠，放煙火來紀念這個日子。