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2024年職稱英語考試真題理工類A閱讀文章
在日復一日的學習、工作生活中，我們經常跟試題打交道，通過試題可以檢測參試者所掌握的知識和技能。一份好的試題都具備什么特點呢？下面是小編幫大家整理的2024年職稱英語考試真題理工類A閱讀文章，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
職稱英語考試真題理工類A閱讀文章
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignalls idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
譯文：
遠古火山噴發(fā)
古代的火山更具殺傷力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出來的二氧化碳更容易把人殺死。
來自里茲大學的Paul Wignall正在調查火山爆發(fā)和大規(guī)模物種滅絕之間的聯系。不是所有的火山都會造成大量動物死亡。但在過去的三億年間，巨大的火山巖石的形成都伴隨著大規(guī)模種族滅絕。讓他驚奇的是，遠古的火山造成的破壞更大。他通過比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷效力。他發(fā)現，體積相同的情況下，老遠古火山要比近期火山的殺傷力大十倍。
例如，發(fā)生在兩億五千年前的二疊紀物種滅絕就與西伯利亞的火山爆發(fā)發(fā)生在同一時期。當時的火山巖大約覆蓋了西歐那么大的面積。當時火山釋放出了大約100億噸梯恩梯的二氧化碳，隨之而來的全球變暖殺死了80%的海洋生物。500萬年以后，地球才恢復到原來的狀態(tài)。然而，6000年前，火山大規(guī)模爆發(fā)，以及而后的全球變暖并沒有帶來種族滅絕。一些動物確實消失了，但幾萬年以后，地球又恢復到以前的水平�！白罱囊淮位鹕奖l(fā)基本上沒帶來什么影響�！盬ignall稱。他并沒有將650萬年前的恐龍滅絕計算在內，因為大部分的科學家認為那是有小行星撞擊地球所引起的。他認為，遠古火山之所以殺傷力大是因為近期的生物能夠更好的適應二氧化碳含量上升。
法國巴黎地理研究所的所長Vincent Courtillot稱Wignall的觀點很具爭議性，并且很難做出這樣的計算。他指出火山爆發(fā)的殺傷力是由其持續(xù)長度所決定的。并且很難知道是否大規(guī)模爆發(fā)會持續(xù)上百萬年。他補充道，很難計算遠古火山灰噴發(fā)多少火山巖，并且火山巖的數量也不一定和二氧化碳釋放數量相一致。
詞匯：
dioxide n. 二氧化物
lava n. 熔巖
Permian adj. 二疊紀
gigaton n. 十億噸梯恩梯
genera n. 種類
dinosaurs n. 恐龍
asteroid n. 小行星
注釋：The Permian extinction 二疊紀物種滅絕
練習：
1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A) Because they killed off life more easily.
B) Because they were brighter.
C) Because they were larger.
D) Because they were hotter.
2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A) By estimating how long they lasted.
B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3. When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A) 300 million years ago.
B) 250 million years ago.
C) 60 million years ago.
D) 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A) They were killed off by an asteroid.
B) They died of drastic climate change.
C) They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.
D) The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5. What is the main thesis of the article?
A) Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B) Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C) Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D) It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
答案與題解：
1.A 問題問的是：為什么遠古的火山爆發(fā)比近期的火山爆發(fā)破壞性更大?第一段是這么說的：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出的二氧化碳更能容易地毀滅生命。
2.D 問題問的是：Wignall是如何計算出遠古火上爆發(fā)的殺傷力的?答案在第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.他通過比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷效力。
3.C 問題問的是：恐龍是什么時候滅絕的?答案在第三段。其中有這么一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.他沒有提及6千5百萬年前恐龍的滅絕是因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。
4.D 問題問的是：第三段還可以推導出有關恐龍的什么樣的信息?在討論第三題的答案時，我們已經注意到了，Wignall沒有提6千5百萬年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發(fā)有關是因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說明，關于恐龍滅絕的原因在科學家之間是有分歧的。
5.B 問題問的是：文章的主要論點是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, ...(古代火山更具破壞力)。
職稱英語考試真題
Adult Education
Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education.Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults.Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling,get new skills or job training,find out about new technological developments,seek better self-understanding,or develop new talents and skills.
This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries,correspondence course,or broadcasting.It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges,study groups,workshops,clubs,and professional associations.
Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution.Great economic and social changes were taking place： people were moving from rural areas to cities； new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system.These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults.
The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s,with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow.The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727.
People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today.For example,parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work of even to learn completely new jobs.Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.
練習：
1.Paragraph 2__________.
2.Paragraph 3__________.
3.Paragraph 4__________.
4.Paragraph 5__________.
A Necessity for developing adult education
B Early days of adult education
C Ways of receiving adult education
D Growth of adult education
E Institutions of adult education
F Definition of adult education
5.Some adults want to learn _______________.
6.There are various forms of adult education,including ____________.
7.Adult education has been made necessary ___________.
8.The earliest organized adult education _______________.
A by social and economic changes
B guided self-study and correspondence courses
C by studying together with children
D what they did not manage to learn earlier
E dates back to the eighteenth century
F mass production
答案：C A B D D B A E
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