英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言表達(dá)技巧
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)論文需要大量地遣詞造句,這時(shí)候,掌握正確的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)邏輯非常重要,下面讓我們了解一下英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言表達(dá)技巧吧!
1.1 如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性
通常在敘述了前人成果之后,用However來(lái)引導(dǎo)不足,比如
However, little information...
little attention has been devoted to…
little work...
little data / little research
or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on…
or none of these studies
has (have) been less
done on ... / focused on / attempted to
conducted / investigated / studied
(with respect to)
OR To the author's knowledge... There is little information available in literature about...
Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about...
Previous research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, these previous results are
inconclusive / misleading…
unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial..
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...
一定要注意絕對(duì)不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看來(lái)前人的結(jié)論完全不對(duì)。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重,英文叫做給別人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出現(xiàn)非常negative的評(píng)價(jià),比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.
可以婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出:
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.
Their results could be better convinced if they ...
Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.
1.2.之后引導(dǎo)出一種新方法,或者一種新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣,可以通過(guò)下面的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作的作用:
However, data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to / aim to / have to
provide more documents / data / records / studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary... / essential...
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性,一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問(wèn)題的反方面,另一方面等等, 比如:
1)時(shí)間問(wèn)題
如果你研究的問(wèn)題時(shí)間上比較新,你就可以大量提及對(duì)時(shí)間較老的問(wèn)題的研究及重要性,然后說(shuō)(However),對(duì)時(shí)間尺度比較新的問(wèn)題研究不足
2)物性及研究手段問(wèn)題
如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì),然后說(shuō)對(duì)你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。
3)研究區(qū)域問(wèn)題
首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究,然后強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足
4)不確定性
雖然前人對(duì)這一問(wèn)題研究很多,但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點(diǎn),這種uncertanties, ambiguities,值得進(jìn)一步澄清
5)提出自己的假設(shè)來(lái)驗(yàn)證
如果自己的研究完全是新的,沒(méi)有前人的工作進(jìn)行對(duì)比,在這種情況下,你可以自信地說(shuō),根據(jù)提出的過(guò)程,存在這種可能的結(jié)果,本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
1.3.如何提出自己的觀點(diǎn)
We aim to…
This paper reports on…
provides results..
extends the method…
focus on..
The purpose of this paper is to..
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...
1.4.圈定自己的研究范圍
前言的另外一個(gè)作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。如果處理不好,reviewer會(huì)提出嚴(yán)厲的建議,比如你沒(méi)有考慮某種可能性,某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭(zhēng)論,在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍:
1)時(shí)間尺度問(wèn)題
如果你的問(wèn)題涉及比較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)序,你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時(shí)間范圍的問(wèn)題。
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有兩種時(shí)間尺度的問(wèn)題 (long-term and short term),你可以說(shuō)兩者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一種
2) 研究區(qū)域的問(wèn)題
和時(shí)間問(wèn)題一樣,明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)
1.5.最后的原場(chǎng)
在前言的最后,還可以總結(jié)性地提出,這一研究對(duì)其它研究的幫助。
或者說(shuō),further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)
總之,其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問(wèn)題上來(lái)。減少爭(zhēng)論(arguments).
2. 怎樣提出觀點(diǎn)
在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會(huì)遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的,通常要用
We confirm that...
2)對(duì)于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn),可用
We believe that...
3)在更通常的情況下,由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論,
用, Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".
來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。
5) 如果自己對(duì)所提出的觀點(diǎn)不完全肯定,可用
We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..)
Or The results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from..
Or It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..
要注意這些結(jié)構(gòu)要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5),那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2),肯定會(huì)遭到置疑。所以要仔細(xì)分析自己成果的創(chuàng)新性以及可信度。
3. 連接詞與邏輯
寫(xiě)英文論文最常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有:
1)句子上下要有連貫,不能讓句子之間獨(dú)立
常見(jiàn)的連接詞語(yǔ)有,
also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further,
However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately,
Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results,
In order to, despite, For example
consequently, thus, therefore...
用好這些連接詞,能夠使觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得有層次,更加明確。
比如,如果敘述有時(shí)間順序的事件或者文獻(xiàn),
最早的文獻(xiàn)可用AA advocated it for the first time.
接下來(lái),可用Then BB further demonstrated that..
再接下來(lái),可用Afterwards, CC..
如果還有,可用More recent studies by DD..
如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn),要把它們截然分開(kāi)
AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe
or Unlike AA, BB suggest…
or On the contrary (表明前面的觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,如果只是表明兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn),用in contrast), BB..
如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用
AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB..
Or Also, BB…
or BB also does …
表示因果或者前后關(guān)系,可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,
表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,
當(dāng)寫(xiě)完一段英文,最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。
2) 段落的整體邏輯
經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個(gè)問(wèn)題的幾個(gè)方面。這種情況下,一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個(gè)部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.
The first question involves...
The second problem relates to …
The third aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third..... Finally,..
當(dāng)然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
4. 正文部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)
小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法把要討論的問(wèn)題分為幾個(gè)片段。
一般第一個(gè)片段指出文章最為重要的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)論。補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的部份可以放在最后一個(gè)片段。
一定要明白文章的讀者會(huì)分為多個(gè)檔次。文章除了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外,一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份,一部份提出觀點(diǎn),另一部份詳細(xì)介紹過(guò)程以及論述的依據(jù)。這樣專業(yè)外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點(diǎn),比較專業(yè)的討論他可以把它當(dāng)成黑箱子,而這一部份本專業(yè)人士可以進(jìn)一步研究。
5. 關(guān)于abbreviation
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決
1) 在文章最好加上個(gè)Appendix,把所有Abbreviation列表
2) 在不同的頁(yè)面上,不時(shí)地給出Abbreviation的含義,用來(lái)提醒讀者。
總之,寫(xiě)文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂,讀得清晰,并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。
Discussion 部分 時(shí)態(tài)
(a) 指出結(jié)果在哪些圖表中列出,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.
(b) 敘述或總結(jié)研究結(jié)果的`內(nèi)容為關(guān)于過(guò)去的事實(shí),所以通常采用過(guò)去時(shí)。如:After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.
(c) 對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行說(shuō)明或由其得出一般性推論時(shí),多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.
(d) 不同結(jié)果之間或?qū)嶒?yàn)數(shù)據(jù)與理論模型之間進(jìn)行比較時(shí),多采一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(這種比較關(guān)系多為不受時(shí)間影響的邏輯上的事實(shí))。如:These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.
6. 討論部份包括什么內(nèi)容?
6.1 主要內(nèi)容
1) 主要數(shù)據(jù)特征的總結(jié)
2) 主要結(jié)論以及與前人觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比
3) 本文的不足
第三點(diǎn),在一般作者看來(lái)不可取。事實(shí)上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護(hù)自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞,覺(jué)得別人看不出來(lái),是非常不明智的。
所謂不足,包括以下內(nèi)容:
a) 研究的問(wèn)題有點(diǎn)片面
討論時(shí)一定要說(shuō),
It should be noted that this study has examined only…
We concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to point out that we do not…
Some limitations of this study are...
b) 結(jié)論有些不足
The results do not imply…
The results can not be used to determine…
be taken as evidence of…
Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data…
Our results are lack of ...
但是,在指出這些不足之后,隨后一定要再一次加強(qiáng)本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來(lái)解決這些不足,為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。
Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggest…
However, these problems could be solved if we consider…
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate…
用中文來(lái)說(shuō),這一部份是左右逢源。把審稿人想到的問(wèn)題提前給一個(gè)交代,同時(shí)表明你已經(jīng)在思考這些問(wèn)題,但是由于文章長(zhǎng)度,試驗(yàn)進(jìn)度或者試驗(yàn)手段的制約,暫時(shí)不能回答這些問(wèn)題。但是,這些通過(guò)你的一些建議,這些問(wèn)題在將來(lái)的研究中游可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
P.S.
堅(jiān)信觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性:prove, demonstrate
不確定性: show,indicate,found
表示推測(cè): imply,suggest
6.2 關(guān)于結(jié)論中的時(shí)態(tài):
(1) 回顧研究目的時(shí),通常使用過(guò)去時(shí)。如:In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated.
(2) 如果所概述結(jié)果的有效性只是針對(duì)本次特定的研究,需用過(guò)去時(shí);如果具有普遍的意義,則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如: In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.
(3) 闡述由結(jié)果得出的推論時(shí),通常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.
Some points of style
(摘自一個(gè)老外的Writing a Paper, 第一點(diǎn)和最后一點(diǎn)是我們經(jīng)常用錯(cuò)的)
Do not use nouns as adjectives (不要把名詞當(dāng)作形容詞用)l
Not: ATP formation; reaction product
But: Formation of ATP; product of the reaction
The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.l
(This 后面必須跟一個(gè)名詞)
Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude..,
But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to conclude…
Describe experimental results in the past tense. (試驗(yàn)結(jié)果用過(guò)去時(shí))l
Not: Addition of water gives product.
But: Addition of water gave product.
Use the active voice whenever possible. (盡可能使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))l
Not: It was observed that the solution turned red.
But: The solution turned red.
OR We observed that the solution turned red.
Complete all comparisons. (使用完整的比較形式 A is higher than B)l
Not: The yield was higher using bromine.
But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.
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