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模板一
In the given memorandum, the director of human resources department concluded that the employee satisfactory was surely improved after HR department’s effort on enhancing communication between management team and the staff. To support his idea, he alleged that such communication was ranked top in a previous survey so that this issue must be the cared most by employees. At first glance, this conclusion seems to some extent convincing. However, with close examination, we can find at least 3 logic flaws. I would like to discuss in the following paragraphs to disclose how groundless the allegation is.
First, the director’s conclusion is based on a doubtful survey. As the director introduced, the methodology of this survey is to have employees rank the issues according to the importance. To find out whether the survey results are reliable, we need to ask several questions: How many employees are included in this survey? Are they representative to the total staff? Does the questionnaire included all the issues cared by the employees? Is there any possibility that the staff are unwilling to disclose their true thoughts since the survey might require them to sign their names on the questionnaire? Without answers to the questions above, the director can not responsibly conclude that the survey result is reliable enough for the management to draw a decision.
Second, given the survey result is representative and reliable, the communication issue constantly ranked top only suggests that it’s considered important, rather than that management need to improve. Very possibly, the management communication is already well carried out in company X, while some other issues ranked second or third, which are still important, are poorly noticed, and are the real cause of dissatisfaction
Last but not least, even if the communication issue is the key to enhance employee moral, and more effort focused on this issue is the right way to solve the problem, however, this does not guarantee that the issue is solved. The director should carefully examine the effect of such actions - maybe through another survey - so as to make sure that every effort they made has achieved the expected result.
In summation, the argument is not as persuasive as it stands. Since the survey has not been proven reliable and the importance of communication does not necessarily suggest that there is any weakness on the issue, we have every reason to cast our doubt on the director’s conclusion that enhancing communication is the key to improve morale. Furthermore, it is imprudent for the director to suggest that the campaign that his department held is effective. To convince us, the director needs to demonstrate that employee’s satisfaction does rise after the campaign. With such solid evidence, the arguer could further explore on the questionnaire and take some other solutions into account rather than directly jump into suggestion/conclution that… .
模板二
Totally disagree:
Some people keep talking about the problem of ..., claiming that ....If there is one-which I leave to doubt-then it probably came from the misunderstanding or misconduct, rather than the idea itself. *** is one of the most important elements in our modern society. No matter how much we are reluctant to ... or how hard it is to make it happen, we have to adjust ourselves and embrace ..., for a ...
First, in order to reveal the flaws underlying in the assertion above, we need to clarify the definition of ...Let us get down to fundamentals and admit that ...example 1. Therefore, no matter how reluctant we are to admit, ...was, is, and always will be an inevitable trend in our society. Rather than make hopeless effort to ..., people should face the reality and start to ...
Second, ...is hard, but it’s never a mission impossible. Besides the emerging new technologies which can help us to make ...easier, ... can also contribute to...example 2.
However, just as the author pointed out, ...sometimes has its side effects, especially when...To avoid ..., we should always stay cautious and keep in mind that...After all...
To sum up, it’s my firmly hold view that... It is the ...that drive us forward, equip us with ...Though it sometimes..., we can avoid ... by ...
**********************************************
Agree on both sides:
...and ..., which do you prefer? The arguer in the given material favor ..., which I do admit its advantages. However, just as a coin has its two sides, ...fails to work on ..., whereas it is applaused when...On the contrary, ...sometimes works perfectly. In my opinion, the issue of ...should be discussed case by case.
On the one hand, we do need ..., since ....Reason...For instance,...When under such circumstances, I am the enthusiastic support of ...
On the other hand, ...has its ground. When..., it is important to ...Let us take the case of ... as an example...Considering the ...and ..., people with common sense would obviously agree that...
Maybe you will tease at me like President Harry S Truman saying "Give me a one-hand economist!". However, that’s the reality when we face such dilemmas. In some circumstances, we must integrate the both side, such as we put hands together to when we play golf: in the face of extremely complex situations, we do need a combination of ...and ... That is to say, we need to ..., and also ...The rapid development of our society is requiring far more sophisticated problem-solving skills. We have little chance to win with a simplified code of conduct.
模板三
Agree
Dear reader, I’m Chinese, and what nationality are you? - Never mind, we are all human beings living in this world village. It is our responsibility to work together and make our home better.
The arguer in the given material suggested that as global citizen, we should first be responsible to our earth, and then take the job to do benefit to our own countries. However, I see no conflicts between the to. If there is any, I believe we can easily solve it, since all people in this world will reach the same long-term target without difficulty.
On the one hand, when we are working on your motherland, we are contributing to the whole human race. For example, a scientist working in his laboratory will share his findings no matter whether he is aiming to "make a better world" or just to contribute to his own country. In such a fast-developing era, science and technology has no boarders. All the invention, with or without penalty, will finally become the fortune of all the people on this planet. In such circumstances, when we protect the environment of our own village, we are doing favor to the whole nature. When we are making every effort to save energy, no matter by taking the underground instead of driving, or by supporting our government to invest on solar energy development, with your ballot and our tax dollars, we are playing our role of a responsibly citizen - both of the nation, and of the world.
On the other hand, when we are saving our planet, we are saving our own country. Nowadays, many people with mutual belief work beyond the border on global affair. For instance, the Green Peace, a global NGO active in many countries, recruit members from all over the world, and serve all over the world. They generally believe that the environment is an organic whole. The pollution caused by low-level manufacturing in China would also poison the shrimps that American people devour.
However, we have to admit that sometimes citizens, as well as nations, could appear selfish and shortsighted while exhausting their environment resources for short-round benefit. In this case, we do need to call for international cooperation to restrict such behaviors and protect our common homeland.
To summarize, I would like to suggest that it is not necessary to distinguish the citizens for one country or for the globe. As long as we keep our mutual homeland, the earth, in mind, we can generally avoid the dilemma, and do what we consider right.
模板四
第一段 : 選擇1
In the argument, the author concludes that … To support his conclusion, the author cites the study indicating that …/the author points out/reasons that … In addition, the author mentions (the evidence) that … Based on this evidence, the author further recommends that …(subjunctive動詞原形)/recommends …(doing). At first glance, the analysis appears thorough and compelling. However, a close/careful examination reveals various logical flaws which render the author’s line of reasoning questionable.
選擇2
… (陳述同選擇1) After a careful examination, I find that the argument, apparently compelling, is not well supported by the evidence.
最后一段： 選擇1
By way of conclusion, it seems that the author’s conclusion that … is seriously undermined by the (numerous) flaws in his reasoning identified above. To substantiate/strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide clear/concrete/solid/credible evidence that … In addition, the author should take into consideration that … Unless these key issues are properly addressed, the argument isn’t sound and convincing.
選擇2
To sum up, it is imprudent for the author to draw the conclusion that … solely on the basis of the evidence presented, which is insufficient to lend strong support to what the author claims.// It is clear that the author fails to provide more credible evidence to support his conclusion that … To make this analysis more thorough, the author must firstly investigate … (sth.) and then provide evidence that (1) … , and (2) … To better assess/evaluate the argument, I would also need to know whether …
各種推理錯誤：
A. 錯誤地認(rèn)定某趨勢會一直延續(xù)下去
In the argument, the authors stated that … Although the trend/tendency cited in the study has remained stable for the past 10 years, there is no guarantee that it/the same trend will continue over the next 20 years. The study’s results can hardly be used to predict the future. It is entirely possible/very likely that … If that is the case, … Thus the credibility of the author’s assertion is called into question.
Even if the trend given in the argument will be true over the next 20 years, /Even if we grant the preceding assumption that … , /Even supposing that the same trend will continue over the next 20 years, ……
B. 錯誤地認(rèn)為某一事物的程度大到足以引起某些變化
The author attributes … to the fact that … However, this line of reasoning is problematic, since no evidence is provided concerning the extent/degree to which … Perhaps … Or it is possible that … Either of these scenarios, if true, will render this connection worthless/doubtful.
C. 錯誤地認(rèn)為X就是由Y引起的，忽視了其他可能原因
In the argument, the author ascribes X to the fact that/claims that … However, it is not necessarily the case. This alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of …// Many other factors may equally contribute to the results/could bring out the same results/may account for/affect ... // While … is one way to achieve the results, it is by no means the only way. For instance, … The argument is unsound/unwarranted until such possibilities are taken into account/considered and ruled out. // Without solid evidence linking X to Y, it is presumptuous to suggest that Y is totally responsible for these results.
D. 錯誤地認(rèn)為Y發(fā)生在X前，X就是Y引起的;錯誤地將同時發(fā)生的X與Y認(rèn)為成由因果聯(lián)系
To begin with, the author unfairly assumes that … is the cause of sth. cited. The sequence of these events, by themselves, is not sufficient to demonstrate that the former causes the latter because a chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events./ However, the mere fact that … precedes … is insufficient to conclude that it causes these events. Perhaps … Moreover, … may not necessarily indicate that … It is also highly possible that … No additional evidence linking … and … is offered in the argument, making for the possibility that these events are not causally related but merely coincident.
E. 錯誤的一概適用/橫向?qū)Ρ?/p>
Even if … it does not follow that … According to the author, X is analogous to Y in all respects. A thorough analysis reveals, however, that the differences between X and Y outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy less than valid. For example, … affect X’s results but are virtually absent in Y. These differences may weaken a conclusion based on the analogy between X and Y /weaken the conclusion that X will suffer from the same fate as Y is.
F. 錯誤地由某些原則/理論推出某一事物應(yīng)該被重視、被選擇
Finally, even if … will be true/ is guaranteed, it doesn’t stand that … should/will … The author unfairly applies the general principle to a specific field/industry. What if … Lacking information about …, it is imprudent for the author to assert that …
G. 錯誤地從某一數(shù)據(jù)/樣本中得出結(jié)論
… the statistics cited in support of the final conclusion that … could be misleading. Although …, …might spend more in terms of the actual amount. Therefore there is no way to …
【percentage≠the actual amount】【sales≠profits】
H. 無端假設(shè)
Most conspicuously, the argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that… This assumption is weak, since no evidence is presented to establish that … (opposing possibilities) // This assumption is dubious in two aspects. For one thing, … For another, …
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