職稱英語(yǔ)：怎樣做閱讀理解
一、細(xì)節(jié)題
大綱對(duì)考生掌握的閱讀能力的第二條要求是：了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。也就是說(shuō)我們?cè)陂喿x一篇文章時(shí)，除了抓住文章的主旨和大意外，還必須弄清文中的一些重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，因?yàn)樗鼈兪亲髡叩贸鼋Y(jié)論或闡明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù)。了解這些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)有助于領(lǐng)會(huì)并確定文章的主題思想。
細(xì)節(jié)類題目在職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試的閱讀理解題中占的比例最大，涉及的內(nèi)容也很廣，因此，我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)應(yīng)考時(shí)，應(yīng)注意在該類題目上多下功夫。細(xì)節(jié)題常出why， when， where， what， who等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的句子提問(wèn)。解答細(xì)節(jié)題的關(guān)鍵在于從問(wèn)題中找出問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵詞，即能表達(dá)問(wèn)題所涉及內(nèi)容的中心詞，然后迅速在短文中用查讀的方法找出關(guān)鍵詞在短文中的位置，以及包含所需信息的句子或短語(yǔ)，最后根據(jù)這些句子或短語(yǔ)做出正確的選擇。
細(xì)節(jié)類題目常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式有：
What causes……?
Why does the author mention……?
How many……?
where in the passage does the author describe……?
What time does the writer think is ……?
The author mentions that……?
The writer states……?
等等
對(duì)于這種題型，考生可以首先從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用查讀的方法到文章中尋找這一細(xì)節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍，從而保證對(duì)這一細(xì)節(jié)的正確理解，最后確定正確答案。
Let Them Watch It
One hot night last July， when our new baby wouldn‘t or couldn’t sleep， I tried everything I could think of ： a warm bottle， songs， and gentle rocking. Nothing would settle him. Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me， I brought a portable TV into his room， figuring that watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn. To my surprise， as soon as the TV lit up， the baby quieted right down， his little eyes， focused brightly on the tube. Not to waste an opportunity for sleep， I then tiptoed out of the room， leaving him to watch the actors celebrate John Bellushi‘s fortyfifth birthday. My wife and I heard no more of the baby that night， and the next morning when I went into his room， I found him still watching TV himself.
I found in my baby‘s behaviour a metaphor for the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine， but he merely spit upon them. When we read to him， he did not feel comfortable. And so it is in the schools. We find that our students don’t read， that they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. After this experience with the baby， however， I have reached a conclusion; let them watch it. If television is that much more attractive to children than books， why should we fight it? Let them watch it all they want!
這是99年試題中的一篇短文。短文講的是一個(gè)炎熱的夏天，孩子就是不愿意睡覺(jué)，作者想盡了各種辦法，又是拿奶瓶，又是唱歌，又是搖晃，就是不管用。實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法，把一個(gè)手提電視給他拿了過(guò)去，孩子立刻就不鬧了。我們看第36題：
36. The author brought a TV set into his son‘s room to
A)make his son stop crying.
B) spend the night watching TV.
C) leave it to his son.
D) make his son fall asleep as soon as possible.
題目問(wèn)的是作者把電視拿到他兒子屋里去的目的是什么。這道題就屬于細(xì)節(jié)性題目。在回答這類題目時(shí)，就要到文中找有關(guān)信息。請(qǐng)看第一段第三句： Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me……watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn.作者把電視機(jī)拿到他兒子的房間里本不是給他兒子看的，而是準(zhǔn)備讓自己看深夜電影來(lái)打發(fā)長(zhǎng)夜難熬的時(shí)光。所以，選項(xiàng)B為最佳答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不是他把電視機(jī)拿到兒子房間里去的初衷。下面我們看推理題。
二、推理題
一篇文章往往包含兩方面的`內(nèi)容：即字面內(nèi)容和內(nèi)在內(nèi)容。所謂內(nèi)在的內(nèi)容，是指由于種種原因，文章的作者并不直說(shuō)出其意，而是把要表達(dá)的意思隱藏在字里行間。推理題就是要求考生依據(jù)文章所提供的事實(shí)，透過(guò)表面的文章信息去推測(cè)文章深層的含義。推理能力包括歸納、演繹、分析，綜合、引申等。閱讀理解題中最讓考生頭痛的應(yīng)屬推理題。這類題既有以局部?jī)?nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單推理，也有以某一段落，甚至整篇文章為基礎(chǔ)判斷作者(或文中某人物)態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、意圖、語(yǔ)氣、身份及文章文體等的復(fù)雜推理。
推理題往往以下列形式出現(xiàn)：
It can be inferred from the passage that……
In this passage the author implies that……
We can conclude from the passage that……
The author‘s attitude toward……is……
The author may probably agree with / be in favour of / support /……
One could conclude from the passage that……
The paragraph following this passage most probably would discuss……
請(qǐng)看上面這篇短文的第37題：
37. The baby‘s reaction to the TV was
A)unexpected.
B) exciting.
C) awful.
D) calm.
該題的下確答案為A.作者在文章中提到，他一打開(kāi)電視，孩子馬上就安靜下來(lái)，再也不鬧了，眼睛直盯在電視上。作者在這里用了 “To my surprise”， 顯然孩子對(duì)電視的反應(yīng)，是作者沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，因此A為正確答案。exciting是“令人興奮的”，“awful” 是“可怕的”， 也就是極其不好的反應(yīng)， calm是“平靜的”，電視一開(kāi)，那孩子就平靜下來(lái)了，但這并不是說(shuō)他的反應(yīng)是平靜的。下面我們?cè)倏吹?8題：
38. From the passage we know that the author is
A) a doctor.
B) an editor.
C) a writer.
D) a teacher.
該題也屬于推時(shí)題。上面我們說(shuō)過(guò)，推理有兩類，一類是簡(jiǎn)單推理，另一類是復(fù)雜推理。簡(jiǎn)單推理是以表面文字信息為前提，以具體事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理，做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接，無(wú)須考慮其他前提或?qū)ふ移渌罁?jù)，只須在文章的已知信息與表層結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理。本題就屬于簡(jiǎn)單推理題，要求考生推斷作者的職業(yè)。根據(jù)文章最后一段第五局話的信息，我們會(huì)很容易地推斷出作者是一位教師。這句話的原文是： We find that our students don‘t read， that they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. 它的意思是：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的學(xué)生不讀書(shū)，瞧不起讀書(shū)，而且還罵我們這些教他們讀書(shū)的人。由些看來(lái)，這里的我們就是指的當(dāng)老師的這些人。
再看第40題：
40. What do you think is the author‘s attitude toweard TV as expressed in the last two sentences?
A) Angry.
B) Serious.
C) Ironical.
D) Joking.
該題要求考生根據(jù)短文最后兩句來(lái)判斷作者的態(tài)度。通讀上面短文的最后一段，我們注意到作者在談到孩子對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)的態(tài)度時(shí)用了這些詞句： he merely spit upon them， he did not feel comfortable. We find that our students don‘t read， that they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. 意思是：我和夫人曾拿給孩子書(shū)，但他根本不看，還往書(shū)上吐唾沫。每次我們讀書(shū)給他聽(tīng)，他就顯得濘身不自在。學(xué)校里的情況也是如此。我們的學(xué)生不愿讀書(shū)，而且嘲笑我們這些教書(shū)的。他們就喜歡看電視。尤其注意作者在最后用了兩個(gè)感嘆句子(“Let them watch it! ” If television is that much more attractive to children than books， why should we fight it? Let them watch it all they want! 然而，通過(guò)與我們孩子的接觸，我得出這樣的結(jié)論：“想看就看，任其自便吧!”既然電視比書(shū)本更吸引孩子，我們何必苦苦反對(duì)呢?想看就讓他們看個(gè)夠好了。)這里作者顯然是在說(shuō)反話。所以答案為C.
三、詞匯題
職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試對(duì)考生的閱讀理解能力提出的第三條要求是：根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義。測(cè)試這種能力的題目通常稱為詞匯題。需要注意的是，這些詞匯或短語(yǔ)有可能是考生熟悉的，也有可能是考生不熟悉的。
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